The History of Marine Science, Marine Technology, Human Impact, and The Scientific Method. Mrs. Stahl

Transcription

1 The History of Marine Science, Marine Technology, Human Impact, and The Scientific Method Mrs. Stahl

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23 What is Marine Biology? The study of living organisms that inhabit the seas and their interactions with each other and their environment.

24 Why is the ocean important? We know very little about the tremendous amount of organisms in the ocean. Makes up 71% of the planet, only know 5% Beauty- Ecotourism Commercial Products Conservation Supply a significant amount of food-> fish, seaweeds, and shellfish. 80 million metric tons of food is harvested annually from the world s oceans.

25 Importance of the oceans Exchange heat energy with the atmosphere and oceans which create weather patterns - > habitats. Industry- shipping channels, imports /exports Lots of jobs Scientific Research- ecology, physiology, biochemistry, and biogeography.

26 What is ocean productivity? The amount of food the ocean can produce and the number of organisms it can support.

27

28 What is Oceanography? * Study of ocean waves, tides, and currents

29 There are four branches: 1. Geological Oceanography 2. Chemical Oceanography 3. Physical Oceanography 4. Biological Oceanography

30 Geological Oceanography

31 Topography Hydrothermal vents and the seafloor Plate tectonics

32 Chemical Oceanography

33 Dissolved elements ph Dissolved oxygen CO2 levels Any other chemical aspect

34 Physical Oceanography

35 Waves, Tides, Currents

36 Biological Oceanography

37 Distribution and abundance of marine life How living organisms influence and interact with processes in the oceans.

38 The History of the Sea

39 165,000 Years Ago Stone blades and piles of shells were found in seaside caves in S. Africa from Stone Age clambakes. Ochre pigments used for symbolic body paint

40 110,000 Years Ago Shell harpoons, fish hooks, and shell bead jewelry has been found. Finding these items allows us to gain insight on how the Native people lived off of the land, and relied on the ocean.

41 Early Man / Native Americans Used the land for many food sources, such as fish and shellfish.

42 Shell Middens- seen all around Fl.

43 Phoenicians B.C. Pacific Islanders Seamanship and navigation Used wind, waves, and current patterns to navigate the ocean. Used the North Star = Phoenician Star

44 The Greeks and Aristotle, B.C. Were the first ones to study sea creatures Aristotle- was the first one to develop a means of classifying them. ladder of life - scheme of classification: echinoderms, vertebrates, marine mammals, crustaceans, etc Described more than 500 species, studied fish gills, and proposed that they were used for gas exchange, and made many detailed anatomical descriptions about the cuttlefish.

45 James Cook

46 First to make scientific observations, explored all the oceans, and circumnavigated the world twice. Antarctic ice fields. Brought back specimens of plants and animals. Discovered the Pacific Islands- Hawaii, Tahiti, and New Zealand. Made detailed charts using a chronometer (detailed longitude).

47 wiki/file:chronometer_01.jpg

48 Charles Darwin HMS Beagle; 5 year journey Made observations of the natural world. Proposed the theory of evolution and natural selection. Made scientists think about adaptations. Atolls in the tropics.

49 Atolls-> rings of coral reefs that enclose a lagoon. They have risen out of the ocean.

50 The Voyage of The Beagle (Darwin)

51

52 Edward Forbes-1840

53 Extensive dredging of the sea floor. Discovered many organisms. Found that the sea floor life is different at different depths.

54 HMS Challenger-1872

55 The Challenger Expedition- C. Wyville Thomson The ship left England in 1872, and returned in 1876, sampling the waters and marine life of parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. They collected an enormous number of samples; from sea water to bottom mud, from microscopic plankton to fish and birds.

56 The Challenger Expedition The major findings of the Challenger Expedition include*: the first systematic plot of currents and temperatures in the ocean a map of bottom deposits that has not been changed much by more recent studies an outline of the main contours of the ocean basins the discovery of the mid-atlantic Ridge recorded a depth of 26,900 feet (8,200 meters), known as the Challenger Deep in the Marianas Trench the discovery of 715 new genera and 4,717 new species of ocean life forms the discovery of prodigious life forms even at great depths in the ocean! * According to the Environmental News Network Daily News.

57 Sir Charles Wyville Thomson Chief scientist on the HMS Challenger Discovered plankton but didn t get credit.

58 Victor Hensen Coined the term plankton- small floating organisms that utilize the currents.

59 Louis Agassiz Father of Alexander Agassiz Founded the first Marine Science laboratory called the Anderson School of Natural History and then moved it to Woods Hole, MA, where Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute stands today. One of the most prestigious marine institutes in the world.

60 Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. Largest, private research facility Massachusetts Home of Alvin

61 Alexander Agassiz / 1922 Cataloged marine life, studied the color of marine life, and researched how color changes with the depth of the ocean-> Wavelengths- ROYGBIV Shallow water -animals were brightly colored, and in the deeper water they went from blues and greens to blacks and reds. Studied the structure and formation of coral reefs. He also thought that the Pacific and Caribbean were once connected, because he found similar organisms on each coast.

62 Carl Chun Cephalopod and squid specialist Discovered the vampire squid Explored the deep sea

63 Vampire Squid

64 Rachel Carson Scientist and writer Worked for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Focused a lot on public awareness and wrote many books!

65 Eugenie Clark Known as the Shark Lady Founded Mote Marine Lab, formerly known as the Cape Haze Marine Lab

66 Sylvia Earle 1935-? Botany- studied vegetation (plants), the basis of the ecosystem / food web. Part of the 1970 s Tektite crew, which was all women, and they lived in an underwater habitat She was fascinated with the deep sea and broke the record for the deepest dive- 381 m. / 1250 ft. in a Jim Suit s Chief Scientist of NOAA. Currently at National Geographic.

67 url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc= s&source=images&cd=& cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0c AYQjB1qFQoTCOXHuOf og8ccfczdhgodet8gda &url=http%3a%2f%2fw ww.telegraph.co.uk%2fn ews%2fobituaries%2f %2FMike- Borrow.html&ei=xpm6Ve XMIsa7efqm6AH&bvm=bv ,d.dmo&psig=AFQjCNH J2Cn4OkZxy9rjwVK8IGz L8wGXkA&ust=

68 Jacque Cousteau One of the first people to really describe what the ocean looked like underwater. SCUBA- Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

69 Robert Ballard Used submersibles and ROV s to explore the Titanic, discover hydrothermal vents, USS Yorktown, and The Bismarck m/talks/robert_ball ard_on_exploring_t he_oceans?languag e=en Fifty percent of our country that we own, have all legal jurisdiction, have all rights to do whatever we want, lies beneath the sea, and we have better maps of Mars than that fifty percent. Robert Ballard

70 Edith Widder Found the giant squid! First scientist to create an apparatus to attract and observe the giant squid in its natural habitat. w_we_found_the_giant_squid?language=en

71 Other Marine Labs Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Ca University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine Science Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Fl. Friday Harbor Laboratory, Wa Duke University, NC Woods Hole Oceanographic, Ma

72 Marine Biology Today! The known amount of inhabitants that occupy our oceans is rapidly increasing each day, mainly due to the great advances in technology.

73 Marine Technology

74 Trieste- Jacques Piccard 1 st bathyscaphe, 1953, launched near Naples, Italy Was purchased by the US Navy in historic dive to the bottom of the Marianas Trench; the Challenger Deep.

75

76 Johnson Sealink

77 Underwater apparatus occupied by two men. Used to collect data.

78 AUV-Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

79 Unmanned Robot that travels underwater Makes detailed maps of the seafloor Military uses them to find mines or to monitor a protected area (such as a harbor).

80 Shark Week White Shark off Cape Cod, Massachusetts

81 ARGO- Camera system used to find the Titanic in 1985

82 ALVIN

83 1964 Most famous for locating the lost hydrogen bomb in the Mediterranean Sea in Exploring the first known hydrothermal vent sites in the 1970 s. Surveying the wreck of the RMS Titanic in Carries one pilot and two scientists, and can stay submerged for 6-10 hours. Basket can return up to 400 pounds of seafloor samples. 4,500 meters (about three miles / 14,850 ft) Named for Allyn Vine, a WHOI scientist that helped pioneer submersible technology.

84 RMS Titanic's Final Resting Place 12,500 ft (3810 m)

85 ROV- Remotely Operated Vehicles Highly maneuverable, underwater robots, operated by a person aboard a surface vessel. They are linked to the ship by a group of cables that carry electrical signals back and forth between the operator and the vehicle.

86 Glomar Challenger First research vessel specifically designed, in the late 1960 s, for the purpose of drilling into and taking core samples from the deep ocean floor.

87 Deep-Sea Drilling Programs The 122-meter drilling ship, the Glomar Challenger, was designed to drill into the seafloor, more than 6,000 meters below the sea surface, and recover samples of seafloor sediment. The Deep Sea Drilling Project ( ) was conducted to confirm a compelling theory about the history of the ocean floor. In 1985, the JOIDES Resolution was built to take over the deep-sea drilling functions as part of the International Ocean Drilling Program, a joint oceanographic research effort between the United States, France, the United JOIDES Resolution Kingdom, Germany, and Japan.

88 Side Scan and Multibeam Sonar- scans the ocean floor and makes detailed maps.

89

90 Tools of the Trade

91 Gravity Core The most basic sampling device used to collect core samples from the seafloor. It penetrates less than 10 meters into the sediment. 8/22/

92 Hydrometer A device used to measure the densities of liquids and solutions. 8/22/

93 Used to estimate the transparency of seawater, and can provide a relative measure of productivity or turbidity. Secchi Disk 8/22/

94 Drift Bottles The use of drift bottles as a means of charting ocean currents is an old one. 8/22/

95 Current Meter An instrument for measuring the velocity, force, and temperature of currents. 8/22/

96 Refractometer An instrument used to measure the salt concentration of seawater by using the refraction of light. 8/22/

97 Hydrophone A microphone used underwater to take acoustic measurements. Hydrophone 8/22/

98 Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus SCUBA SCUBA is useful for shallow water work, with many advances in deep dive capabilities. 8/22/

99 Global Positioning System (GPS) A worldwide radio-navigation system that utilizes satellites to triangulate a specific location on earth.

100 Nets and Sieves

101 Dip Net Useful for scooping up seaweed, jellies, and other drifting organisms from docks and the side of the vessels. 8/22/

102 Sediment Sieves Used to analyze sediment grain size composition. 8/22/

103 Plankton Net A cone shaped net made of fine mesh material with a collecting jar at the base. 8/22/

104 Phyto and Zooplankton Nets: Variety of mesh sizes to target certain species groups

105 Dredge This device is dragged across the ocean floor to obtain biological or geological samples. It can take many shapes either cylindrical or boxlike. 8/22/

106 Trawl Net The mouth of the net is kept open through "otter boards" attached to the leading ends of the net, or, by current passing through the net.

107 Crab Pots Crab Pots are used for collecting crabs for study and food 8/22/

108 ARGO BUOY -Over 3200 floating in oceans -Collects temperature, density, and salinity from water column -Transmits data to a satellite and goes back under to collect for next 30 days -Each one transmits for 5 years

109 How ARGO Works

110 Argo Buoys Around the World

111 Sample of Onboard Operations Marine Mammal Observations and Biopsies Marine Bird Observations Oceanography Studies Flyingfish- Dipnetting Humboldt Squid Study Zooplankton Abundance Study Midwater Fish Survey Mammal Acoustics Project

112 Marine Mammal Survey

113

114 Biopsies Goal: If mammals get close enough to launch small boat or shoot from the bow, biopsies are collected for DNA studies Success Rate: Extremely hard to obtain samples. Collected each leg.

115 Biopsy Attempts

116 Crossbow Sample to Process

117 Marine Bird Observations Goal- identification and population size Observe through a variety of binoculars Use ID guides Tagging- typically around the foot of the animal.

118 Oceanography Studies All the abiotic factors that are crucial for the ocean to maintain homeostasis and have a stable food web. Salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen levels, ph, etc

119 Oceanography Operations

120 Depth [m] Depth [m] 1-2 Historical Review of Oceanography Antarctica CTD Profile RV Nathaniel B. Palmer Dec, Position: E Long, 65.9 S Lat. 0 Temperature 0 Salinity Temp. [c] Salinity [psu]

121 Acoustic Survey Sound 1: Sperm whales Sound 2: Minke whale Sound 3: Bowhead whale

122 Dipnetting

123 Gut Content Removal

124 Mid-Water Surveys

125 Time to Pick the Net

126 Let the Sorting Begin

127

128

129

130 Summing It Up

131 Special Thanks Special thanks to Heather Judkins of USF for allowing use of some of her slides and pictures.