Ocean and Climate I.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Ocean and Climate I."

Transcription

1 Ocean and Climate I

2 Physical Characteristics of the Ocean Surface area: m 2 Mean depth: 3.7 km Ocean volume: m 3 Mean density: kg/m 3 Ocean mass: kg

3 Ocean Development By Plate Tectonics Alfred Wegener ( )

4 The deeper layers of Earth

5 Underwater lava eruption along the rift can lead to local warming of deep water environment with heat transport by Eddy currents to the surface

6 Shape of ocean floors

7 Ocean Currents

8 Eddies, Gyres, and Geostrophic flows Collectors of human garbage: from hundreds of shipwrecks to ten thousands of plastic ducks More than 10,000 ocean containers are lost each year over the side in the world ocean trades -- the result of high seas perils.

9 Ocean impact on climate Heat exchange with atmosphere by condensation and other processes Meridional heat transport from tropic to polar regions Heat capacity of ocean causes the ocean to serve as a thermal reservoir balancing rapid climate changes Wind surface water interaction causes ocean currents Earth rotation couples with ocean current through Coriolis force Inertia of dense water flow continues currents even without wind Salinity of water affects the flow pattern of ocean currents

10 Difference to Atmosphere Atmosphere is vertically structured with high altitude events impacting climate. The role of ocean is limited to the surface layers Atmospheric currents (winds) are largely unbounded. Oceans are laterally bounded by continents (except for southern ocean where fluid can pass around the globe) Atmosphere is largely transparent to radiation and is heated from below by convection. Ocean absorbs radiation and surface region is heated by absorption. Wind driven and buoyancy driven circulations of ocean current provide very fast energy transport.

11 The cryosphere 2% of the planetary water is frozen (ice sheets, sea ice, glaziers, permafrost), most of it is contained in ice sheets over land, Antarctica (89%), Greenland (8%), increasing the average Albedo. 7% of the ocean is covered by ice. Sea ice regulates heat exchange, moisture and salinity and insulates warm ocean water from cold polar atmosphere.

12 Ice Melting Ocean parameters Surface area: m 2 Ocean volume: m 3 Mean density: kg/m 3 Ocean mass: kg Assume 50% of ice sheet melts, corresponding to 1% of the ocean water mass: M melt kg. V V melt melt M melt m 3 19 kg kg / m 3 H V S melt m m m

13 Exploration of the Seas - Oceanography Challenger Expedition At 360 stations the crew measured the bottom depth, temperature at different depths, observed weather and surface ocean conditions, and collected seafloor, water, and biota samples. Sir Charles WyvilleThomson Sir John Murray John Buchanan A 68,890-nautical-mile (127,580 km) journey

14 Properties of sea water kg kg 3 3 H 2 O 3 sea water m 3 m At 273 K, variations of density are within few percent only! T, S, P Cold water is denser than warm water Salty water is denser than fresh water Pressure increases density of water Salinity is defined in practical salinity units psu in terms of electrical conductivity, which is close to the relative proportion of the dissolved salts in g per kg water (or ). Seawater has 34.5 psu.

15 Sea water composition Chloride: (g/kg) Sodium: (g/kg) Sulphate: 2.65 (g/kg) Magnesium: 1.27 (g/kg) Calcium: 1.27 (g/kg) Potassium: 0.38 (g/kg) Bicarbonate: 0.14 (g/kg) Others: 0.11 (g/kg) Salinity: psu

16 Since ocean atmosphere interactions are limited to the surface region, the pressure dependency of the water density is neglected. There is, however, sensitive temperature dependencies! Contour plot of seawater density deviations shown as function of salinity and temperature at the ocean surface. The conditions of relevance for oceans are shown at the right hand side. ref T,S ref kg 1000 m 3 Density increases with temperature and salinity (1psu 1g/kg=1 ), Fresh water has maximum density at 4 o C (cooling forms ice) At 15 o C the water at the ocean surface (S 36 psu) has 26.7 kg/m 3 which translates into a lower density = kg/m 3 compared to a temperature of 0 o C.

17 Temperature and salinity patterns Steady Temperature decline towards the polar regions, visible is the impact of the cold North Pacific current branching down the US Northwest coast and the Humboldt current branching from the West Wind Drifts northwards along the South American west coast. Regions of high salinity in middle latitude range north and south of the equator regions. Polar regions show low salinity including cold water currents such as the North Pacific current in the American Northwest and the Humboldt current.

18 Early exploration of salinity Georg Wüst Meteor Expedition

19 Horizontal salinity patterns Longitudinal cut across the western (top) and the eastern (bottom) regions of the Atlantic Ocean showing the horizontal distribution of salinity, based on Meteor observations.

20 Modern Results WOCE (1990s) The Hydrographic Program of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was a comprehensive global hydrographic survey of physical and chemical properties of the oceans.

21 WOCE Oxygen & Salinity

22 WOCE Nitrates & Salinity

23 Mixed layer and thermocline mixed layer thermocline abyssal layer Typical temperature & salinity profile for mid-latitude ocean. Mixed layer has constant temperature due to wind and density driven convective motion, balanced by radiative heating and radiative and/or wind cooling as well as latent heat effects by evaporation processes. The thermocline layer represents an exponential decline of temperature to nearly constant abyssal sea depth temperatures.

Physical Oceanography

Physical Oceanography Physical Oceanography SECTION 15.1 The Oceans In your textbook, read about modern oceanography. For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. Column A 1. German research

More information

Physical Oceanography

Physical Oceanography Physical Oceanography SECTION 15.1 The Oceans In your textbook, read about modern oceanography. For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. e b c d a Column A 1. German

More information

( ) = 1005 J kg 1 K 1 ;

( ) = 1005 J kg 1 K 1 ; Problem Set 3 1. A parcel of water is added to the ocean surface that is denser (heavier) than any of the waters in the ocean. Suppose the parcel sinks to the ocean bottom; estimate the change in temperature

More information

The World Ocean. Pacific Ocean 181 x 10 6 km 2. Indian Ocean 74 x 10 6 km 2. Atlantic Ocean 106 x 10 6 km 2

The World Ocean. Pacific Ocean 181 x 10 6 km 2. Indian Ocean 74 x 10 6 km 2. Atlantic Ocean 106 x 10 6 km 2 The World Ocean The ocean and adjacent seas cover 70.8% of the surface of Earth, an area of 361,254,000 km 2 Pacific Ocean 181 x 10 6 km 2 Indian Ocean 74 x 10 6 km 2 Atlantic Ocean 106 x 10 6 km 2 Oceanic

More information

climate system and its subcomponents: the atmosphere, ocean, land surface, Prof. Jin-Yi Yu ESS200A A general description of the Earth

climate system and its subcomponents: the atmosphere, ocean, land surface, Prof. Jin-Yi Yu ESS200A A general description of the Earth Earth System Climate () Course Time Lectures: Tu, Th 9:30-10:20 Discussion: 3315 Croul Hall Text Book The Earth System, Kump, Kasting, and Crane, Prentice-Hall Global Physical Climatology, Hartmann; Academic

More information

Surface Circulation Ocean current Surface Currents:

Surface Circulation Ocean current Surface Currents: All Write Round Robin G1. What makes up the ocean water? G2. What is the source of the salt found in ocean water? G3. How does the water temperature affect the density of ocean water? G4. How does the

More information

1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and

1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and 1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and climate change e) Oceanic water residence times 3.

More information

Winds and Currents in the Oceans

Winds and Currents in the Oceans Winds and Currents in the Oceans Atmospheric Processes Density of air is controlled by temperature, pressure, and moisture content. 1. Warm air is less dense than cold air and moist air is less dense than

More information

Earth s Oceans. Divisions of the Global Ocean

Earth s Oceans. Divisions of the Global Ocean Earth s Oceans 1 Key Concept The characteristics of ocean water, such as temperature and salinity, affect the circulation of the ocean. What You Will Learn Earth is unique in our solar system because 71%

More information

The Dynamic Earth Section 3. Chapter 3 The Dynamic Earth Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere DAY 1

The Dynamic Earth Section 3. Chapter 3 The Dynamic Earth Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere DAY 1 Chapter 3 The Dynamic Earth Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere DAY 1 The Hydrosphere The hydrosphere includes all of the water on or near the Earth s surface. This includes water in the oceans, lakes,

More information

1 Earth s Oceans. TAKE A LOOK 2. Identify What are the five main oceans?

1 Earth s Oceans. TAKE A LOOK 2. Identify What are the five main oceans? CHAPTER 13 1 Earth s Oceans SECTION Exploring the Oceans BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What affects the salinity of ocean water? What affects

More information

Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice. (from Our Changing Planet)

Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice. (from Our Changing Planet) Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice (from Our Changing Planet) Earth s s Climate System Solar forcing Atmosphere Ocean Land Solid Earth Energy, Water, and Biochemistry

More information

Earth s Climate System. Surface Albedo. Climate Roles of Land Surface. Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice

Earth s Climate System. Surface Albedo. Climate Roles of Land Surface. Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Earth s Climate System Solar forcing Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice Atmosphere Ocean Land Solid Earth Energy, Water, and Biochemistry Cycles (from Our Changing

More information

Oceans I Notes. Oceanography

Oceans I Notes. Oceanography Oceans I Notes Outlines on the front table Oceanography the science of our oceans that mixes biology, geology, chemistry, and physics (among other sciences) to unravel the mysteries of our seas. Divisions

More information

Lecture 3 questions Temperature, Salinity, Density and Circulation

Lecture 3 questions Temperature, Salinity, Density and Circulation Lecture 3 questions Temperature, Salinity, Density and Circulation (1) These are profiles of mean ocean temperature with depth at various locations in the ocean which in the following (a, b, c) figures

More information

ATOC OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT Class 19 (Chp 6) Objectives of Today s Class: The Cryosphere [1] Components, time scales; [2] Seasonal snow

ATOC OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT Class 19 (Chp 6) Objectives of Today s Class: The Cryosphere [1] Components, time scales; [2] Seasonal snow ATOC 1060-002 OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT Class 19 (Chp 6) Objectives of Today s Class: The Cryosphere [1] Components, time scales; [2] Seasonal snow cover, permafrost, river and lake ice, ; [3]Glaciers and

More information

HYDROSPHERE NOTES. Water cycle: The continuous movement of water into the air, onto land, and then back to water sources.

HYDROSPHERE NOTES. Water cycle: The continuous movement of water into the air, onto land, and then back to water sources. Hon Environmental Science HYDROSPHERE NOTES The Hydrosphere and the Water Cycle: Water cycle: The continuous movement of water into the air, onto land, and then back to water sources. Evaporation: the

More information

Climate Roles of Land Surface

Climate Roles of Land Surface Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Climate Roles Surface Energy Balance Surface Water Balance Sea Ice Land Ice (from Our Changing Planet) Surface Albedo Climate Roles of Land Surface greenhouse

More information

Density, Salinity & Temperature

Density, Salinity & Temperature Density, Salinity & Temperature Density and Oceans l Density = how much mass is contained in a given unit volume (density = mass/volume). l Temperature, salinity and pressure work together to determine

More information

Actual bathymetry (with vertical exaggeration) Geometry of the ocean 1/17/2018. Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations?

Actual bathymetry (with vertical exaggeration) Geometry of the ocean 1/17/2018. Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations? Observations? Patterns? Observations? Patterns? Geometry of the ocean Actual bathymetry (with vertical exaggeration) Continental Continental Basin

More information

Ocean Sciences 101 The Marine Environment OCEA 101 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MID-TERM EXAM

Ocean Sciences 101 The Marine Environment OCEA 101 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MID-TERM EXAM OCEA 101 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MID-TERM EXAM Part I. Multiple Choice Questions. Choose the one best answer from the list, and write the letter legibly in the blank to the left of the question. 2 points

More information

Almost of Earth is covered by water. On a map, the continents appear as huge islands surrounded by a vast global ocean.

Almost of Earth is covered by water. On a map, the continents appear as huge islands surrounded by a vast global ocean. Earth s Oceans & Ocean Floor Date: Feelin Blue What are Earth s five main oceans? Almost of Earth is covered by water. On a map, the continents appear as huge islands surrounded by a vast global ocean.

More information

Where is all the water?

Where is all the water? Where is all the water? The distribution of water at the Earth's surface % of total Oceans 97.25 Ice caps and glaciers 2.05 Groundwater 0.68 Lakes 0.01 Soils 0.005 Atmosphere (as vapour) 0.001 Rivers 0.0001

More information

Lecture 1. Equations of motion - Newton s second law in three dimensions. Pressure gradient + force force

Lecture 1. Equations of motion - Newton s second law in three dimensions. Pressure gradient + force force Lecture 3 Lecture 1 Basic dynamics Equations of motion - Newton s second law in three dimensions Acceleration = Pressure Coriolis + gravity + friction gradient + force force This set of equations is the

More information

2/15/2012. Earth System Science II EES 717 Spring 2012

2/15/2012. Earth System Science II EES 717 Spring 2012 Earth System Science II EES 717 Spring 2012 1. The Earth Interior Mantle Convection & Plate Tectonics 2. The Atmosphere - Climate Models, Climate Change and Feedback Processes 3. The Oceans Circulation;

More information

The Ocean Floor THE VAST WORLD OCEAN

The Ocean Floor THE VAST WORLD OCEAN OCEANOGRAPHY Name Color all water LIGHT BLUE. Color all land LIGHT GREEN. Label the 5 Oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic. Label the 7 Continents: N.America, S.America, Europe, Asia, Africa,

More information

MAR 110 LECTURE #10 The Oceanic Conveyor Belt Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation

MAR 110 LECTURE #10 The Oceanic Conveyor Belt Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation 1 MAR 110 LECTURE #10 The Oceanic Conveyor Belt Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation Ocean Climate Temperature Zones The pattern of approximately parallel oceanic surface isotherms (lines of constant temperature)

More information

Abyssal Ocean Circulation. Raffaele Ferrari Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT Les Houches, August 2017

Abyssal Ocean Circulation. Raffaele Ferrari Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT Les Houches, August 2017 Abyssal Ocean Circulation Raffaele Ferrari Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT Les Houches, August 2017 Outline The deep ocean The deep circulation The sinking branch: deep convection The upwelling

More information

psio 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination November 3, 2014; 1 hour 20 minutes Answer key

psio 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination November 3, 2014; 1 hour 20 minutes Answer key NAME: psio 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination November 3, 2014; 1 hour 20 minutes Answer key Closed book; one sheet of your own notes is allowed. A calculator is allowed. (100

More information

The performance expectation above was developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education:

The performance expectation above was developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education: MS-ESS2-1 Earth's Systems Students who demonstrate understanding can: MS-ESS2-1. Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. [Clarification

More information

The surface of the ocean floor is as varied as the land. The five major oceans, from largest to smallest, are

The surface of the ocean floor is as varied as the land. The five major oceans, from largest to smallest, are 11.1 Ocean Basins The surface of the ocean floor is as varied as the land. The five major oceans, from largest to smallest, are w the Pacific w the Atlantic w the Indian w the Southern w the Arctic The

More information

Directed Reading. Section: Ocean Currents. a(n). FACTORS THAT AFFECT SURFACE CURRENTS

Directed Reading. Section: Ocean Currents. a(n). FACTORS THAT AFFECT SURFACE CURRENTS Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Ocean Currents 1 A horizontal movement of water in a well-defined pattern is called a(n) 2 What are two ways that oceanographers identify ocean currents? 3 What

More information

Basic Ocean Current Systems. Basic Ocean Structures. The State of Oceans. Lecture 6: The Ocean General Circulation and Climate. Temperature.

Basic Ocean Current Systems. Basic Ocean Structures. The State of Oceans. Lecture 6: The Ocean General Circulation and Climate. Temperature. Lecture 6: The Ocean General Circulation and Climate Basic Ocean Current Systems Upper Ocean surface circulation Basic Structures Mixed Layer Wind-Driven Circulation Theories Thermohaline Circulation Ocean

More information

Salt Water. Copyright 2012 LessonSnips

Salt Water. Copyright 2012 LessonSnips Salt Water Humans need salt in their diet to achieve stable body chemistry. As Americans who frequently eat in fast food restaurants, our problem is ingesting more salt than needed rather than getting

More information

You should be able to identify a few of the key cultures, individuals and expeditions in the history of marine science:

You should be able to identify a few of the key cultures, individuals and expeditions in the history of marine science: Ocean History You should be able to identify a few of the key cultures, individuals and expeditions in the history of marine science: Phoenicians Arabs Micronesians Polynesians Aristotle Erikson Columbus

More information

Oceanography Short Study Guide

Oceanography Short Study Guide Class: Date: Oceanography Short Study Guide Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following was the first expedition

More information

An Introduction to Coupled Models of the Atmosphere Ocean System

An Introduction to Coupled Models of the Atmosphere Ocean System An Introduction to Coupled Models of the Atmosphere Ocean System Jonathon S. Wright jswright@tsinghua.edu.cn Atmosphere Ocean Coupling 1. Important to climate on a wide range of time scales Diurnal to

More information

Lecture 1. Amplitude of the seasonal cycle in temperature

Lecture 1. Amplitude of the seasonal cycle in temperature Lecture 6 Lecture 1 Ocean circulation Forcing and large-scale features Amplitude of the seasonal cycle in temperature 1 Atmosphere and ocean heat transport Trenberth and Caron (2001) False-colour satellite

More information

5.1. Weather, climate, and components of the climate system

5.1. Weather, climate, and components of the climate system 5. The climate system 5.1. Weather, climate, and components of the climate system The weather is characterized by the atmospheric conditions (e.g. temperature, precipitations, cloud cover, wind speed)

More information

SIO 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination November 3, 2014; 1 hour 20 minutes

SIO 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination November 3, 2014; 1 hour 20 minutes NAME: SIO 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination November 3, 2014; 1 hour 20 minutes Closed book; one sheet of your own notes is allowed. A calculator is allowed. (100 total points.)

More information

SIO 210 Final examination Answer Key for all questions except Daisyworld. Wednesday, December 10, PM Name:

SIO 210 Final examination Answer Key for all questions except Daisyworld. Wednesday, December 10, PM Name: SIO 210 Final examination Answer Key for all questions except Daisyworld. Wednesday, December 10, 2008 3-6 PM Name: This is a closed book exam. You may use a calculator. There are two parts: Talley (weighted

More information

4. In areas where tectonic plates collide, the seafloor has deep. 5. In areas where tectonic plates separate, the seafloor has mid- ocean

4. In areas where tectonic plates collide, the seafloor has deep. 5. In areas where tectonic plates separate, the seafloor has mid- ocean Name Date Hour Table Chapter 14 Lesson One- General Directions: Use the word bank below to complete each statement. NOT all terms are used. abyssal plains brackish water condensation energy freshwater

More information

Oceanography Quiz 2. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Oceanography Quiz 2. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Oceanography Quiz 2 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The highest and lowest tides are known as the spring tides. When do these occur? a.

More information

Science 1206 Chapter 1 - Inquiring about Weather

Science 1206 Chapter 1 - Inquiring about Weather Science 1206 Chapter 1 - Inquiring about Weather 1.1 - The Atmosphere: Energy Transfer and Properties (pp. 10-25) Weather and the Atmosphere weather the physical conditions of the atmosphere at a specific

More information

Lecture 4:the observed mean circulation. Atmosphere, Ocean, Climate Dynamics EESS 146B/246B

Lecture 4:the observed mean circulation. Atmosphere, Ocean, Climate Dynamics EESS 146B/246B Lecture 4:the observed mean circulation Atmosphere, Ocean, Climate Dynamics EESS 146B/246B The observed mean circulation Lateral structure of the surface circulation Vertical structure of the circulation

More information

6th Grade Science Sample Assessment Items S6E3c.

6th Grade Science Sample Assessment Items S6E3c. Composition 6th Grade Science Sample Assessment Items Ocean water differs from freshwater in that it has. A. a lower temperature B. a higher temperature C. a higher concentration of silicon dioxide D.

More information

Earth Science 11 Learning Guide Unit Complete the following paragraph about the ocean and ocean water with the following words:

Earth Science 11 Learning Guide Unit Complete the following paragraph about the ocean and ocean water with the following words: Earth Science 11 Learning Guide Unit 8 Name: 8-1 Ocean Properties 1. Complete the following paragraph about the ocean and ocean water with the following words: thousand chloride 70% salinity water sodium

More information

The Water Planet Ch. 22

The Water Planet Ch. 22 The Water Planet Ch. 22 What is Oceanography? the study of the Earth s oceans using chemistry, biology, geology, and physics. Oceans cover 70% of the Earth s surface Ocean Research 22.1 The use of submarines

More information

The Planetary Circulation System

The Planetary Circulation System 12 The Planetary Circulation System Learning Goals After studying this chapter, students should be able to: 1. describe and account for the global patterns of pressure, wind patterns and ocean currents

More information

Oceanography. Oceanography is the study of the deep sea and shallow coastal oceans.

Oceanography. Oceanography is the study of the deep sea and shallow coastal oceans. Oceanography Oceanography is the study of the deep sea and shallow coastal oceans. Studying the Ocean Floor To determine the shape and composition of the ocean floor, scientists use techniques such as

More information

Assessment Schedule 2017 Earth and Space Science: Demonstrate understanding of processes in the atmosphere system (91414)

Assessment Schedule 2017 Earth and Space Science: Demonstrate understanding of processes in the atmosphere system (91414) NCEA Level 3 Earth and Space Science (91414) 2017 page 1 of 6 Assessment Schedule 2017 Earth and Space Science: Demonstrate understanding of processes in the atmosphere system (91414) Evidence Statement

More information

Deep Ocean Circulation & implications for Earth s climate

Deep Ocean Circulation & implications for Earth s climate Deep Ocean Circulation & implications for Earth s climate I. Ocean Layers and circulation types 1) Ocean Layers Ocean is strongly Stratified Consists of distinct LAYERS controlled by density takes huge

More information

Version2 Fall True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.

Version2 Fall True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. Version2 Fall 2004 True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. 1. Short residence time elements are found in the greatest concentration near their point of removal from the

More information

OCN/ATM/ESS 587. Ocean circulation, dynamics and thermodynamics.

OCN/ATM/ESS 587. Ocean circulation, dynamics and thermodynamics. OCN/ATM/ESS 587 Ocean circulation, dynamics and thermodynamics. Equation of state for seawater General T/S properties of the upper ocean Heat balance of the upper ocean Upper ocean circulation Deep circulation

More information

SIO 210 Final Exam December 10, :30 2:30 NTV 330 No books, no notes. Calculators can be used.

SIO 210 Final Exam December 10, :30 2:30 NTV 330 No books, no notes. Calculators can be used. SIO 210 Final Exam December 10, 2003 11:30 2:30 NTV 330 No books, no notes. Calculators can be used. There are three sections to the exam: multiple choice, short answer, and long problems. Points are given

More information

OCN 201 Fall 2015 Section 1

OCN 201 Fall 2015 Section 1 Name: Class: _ Date: _ OCN 201 Fall 2015 Section 1 True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. Because of the dissolved salt in seawater its freezing point is higher than that of pure

More information

Water percolating through hot lava dissolves soluble minerals containing chlorine, bromine and sulphur compounds

Water percolating through hot lava dissolves soluble minerals containing chlorine, bromine and sulphur compounds Figure 5 The sources of dissolved ions in sea water. Water falls as rain Compounds containing mainly calcium, magnesium, carbonate and silicate ions are leached from the soil Rivers carry ions in solution

More information

Water mass formation, subduction, and the oceanic heat budget

Water mass formation, subduction, and the oceanic heat budget Chapter 5 Water mass formation, subduction, and the oceanic heat budget In the first four chapters we developed the concept of Ekman pumping, Rossby wave propagation, and the Sverdrup circulation as the

More information

The Chemistry of Seawater. Unit 3

The Chemistry of Seawater. Unit 3 The Chemistry of Seawater Unit 3 Water occurs naturally on earth in 3 phases: solid, liquid, or gas (liquid is most abundant) Water Phases Basic Chemistry Review What is an atom? Smallest particles of

More information

Weather & Ocean Currents

Weather & Ocean Currents Weather & Ocean Currents Earth is heated unevenly Causes: Earth is round Earth is tilted on an axis Earth s orbit is eliptical Effects: Convection = vertical circular currents caused by temperature differences

More information

Fluid Circulation Review. Vocabulary. - Dark colored surfaces absorb more energy.

Fluid Circulation Review. Vocabulary. - Dark colored surfaces absorb more energy. Fluid Circulation Review Vocabulary Absorption - taking in energy as in radiation. For example, the ground will absorb the sun s radiation faster than the ocean water. Air pressure Albedo - Dark colored

More information

Atmospheric Sciences 321. Science of Climate. Lecture 20: More Ocean: Chapter 7

Atmospheric Sciences 321. Science of Climate. Lecture 20: More Ocean: Chapter 7 Atmospheric Sciences 321 Science of Climate Lecture 20: More Ocean: Chapter 7 Community Business Quiz discussion Next Topic will be Chapter 8, Natural Climate variability in the instrumental record. Homework

More information

Chapter 7: Thermodynamics

Chapter 7: Thermodynamics Chapter 7: Thermodynamics 7.1 Sea surface heat budget In Chapter 5, we have introduced the oceanic planetary boundary layer-the Ekman layer. The observed T and S in this layer are almost uniform vertically,

More information

Components of the Climate System. Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System. Pop Quiz. Sub-components Global cycles What comes in What goes out

Components of the Climate System. Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System. Pop Quiz. Sub-components Global cycles What comes in What goes out Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System Components of the Climate System terrestrial radiation Atmosphere Ocean solar radiation Land Energy, Water, and Biogeochemistry Cycles Sub-components Global cycles What

More information

Surface Circulation. Key Ideas

Surface Circulation. Key Ideas Surface Circulation The westerlies and the trade winds are two of the winds that drive the ocean s surface currents. 1 Key Ideas Ocean water circulates in currents. Surface currents are caused mainly by

More information

The Southern Ocean. Copyright 2010 LessonSnips

The Southern Ocean. Copyright 2010 LessonSnips The Southern Ocean Even though oceanographers currently define five oceans on earth, in reality there is but one ocean. The fact that the ocean is one single entity and the divisions of the ocean are man-made

More information

Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics Fall 2008

Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics Fall 2008 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.003 Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Contents

More information

Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System

Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System terrestrial radiation solar radiation Atmosphere Ocean Solid Earth Land Energy, Water, and Biogeochemistry Cycles Sub-components Global cycles What comes in What goes

More information

Part 1. Ocean Composition & Circulation

Part 1. Ocean Composition & Circulation OCN 401 Biogeochemical Systems (10.19.17) (Schlesinger: Chapter 9) Part 1. Ocean Composition & Circulation 1. Introduction Lecture Outline 2. Ocean Circulation a) Global Patterns in T, S, ρ b) Thermohaline

More information

1. Oceans. Example 2. oxygen.

1. Oceans. Example 2. oxygen. 1. Oceans a) Basic facts: There are five oceans on earth, making up about 72% of the planet s surface and holding 97% of the hydrosphere. Oceans supply the planet with most of its oxygen, play a vital

More information

Ocean Mixing and Climate Change

Ocean Mixing and Climate Change Ocean Mixing and Climate Change Factors inducing seawater mixing Different densities Wind stirring Internal waves breaking Tidal Bottom topography Biogenic Mixing (??) In general, any motion favoring turbulent

More information

Torben Königk Rossby Centre/ SMHI

Torben Königk Rossby Centre/ SMHI Fundamentals of Climate Modelling Torben Königk Rossby Centre/ SMHI Outline Introduction Why do we need models? Basic processes Radiation Atmospheric/Oceanic circulation Model basics Resolution Parameterizations

More information

GEO1010 tirsdag

GEO1010 tirsdag GEO1010 tirsdag 31.08.2010 Jørn Kristiansen; jornk@met.no I dag: Først litt repetisjon Stråling (kap. 4) Atmosfærens sirkulasjon (kap. 6) Latitudinal Geographic Zones Figure 1.12 jkl TØRR ATMOSFÆRE Temperature

More information

How Will Melting Ice Sheets Affect Us?

How Will Melting Ice Sheets Affect Us? PASSAGE 4 How Will Melting Ice Sheets Affect Us? Variation is normal. During the last ice age, for example, ice sheets also covered much of North America and Scandinavia. Why is what s happening now different

More information

Chapter 9 Atmosphere Study Guide

Chapter 9 Atmosphere Study Guide Science Chapter 9 Atmosphere Study Guide Name Due 1. What is the definition for: a. Conduction: The transfer of thermal energy by collisions between particles in matter. (Heats air close to Earth s surface)

More information

Winds and Global Circulation

Winds and Global Circulation Winds and Global Circulation Atmospheric Pressure Winds Global Wind and Pressure Patterns Oceans and Ocean Currents El Nino How is Energy Transported to its escape zones? Both atmospheric and ocean transport

More information

The ocean and its circulation

The ocean and its circulation Chapter 9 The ocean and its circulation We now begin our discussion of the circulation of the ocean. In this introductory chapter we describe the physical characteristics of the ocean, the properties of

More information

General Circulation. Nili Harnik DEES, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

General Circulation. Nili Harnik DEES, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory General Circulation Nili Harnik DEES, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory nili@ldeo.columbia.edu Latitudinal Radiation Imbalance The annual mean, averaged around latitude circles, of the balance between the

More information

Match (one-to-one) the following (1 5) from the list (A E) below.

Match (one-to-one) the following (1 5) from the list (A E) below. GEO 302C EXAM 1 Spring 2009 Name UID You may not refer to any other materials during the exam. For each question (except otherwise explicitly stated), select the best answer for that question. Read all

More information

Website Lecture 3 The Physical Environment Part 1

Website   Lecture 3 The Physical Environment Part 1 Website http://websites.rcc.edu/halama Lecture 3 The Physical Environment Part 1 1 Lectures 3 & 4 1. Biogeochemical Cycling 2. Solar Radiation 3. The Atmosphere 4. The Global Ocean 5. Weather and Climate

More information

Introduction to Atmospheric Circulation

Introduction to Atmospheric Circulation Introduction to Atmospheric Circulation Start rotating table Start heated bottle experiment Scientific Practice Observe nature Develop a model*/hypothesis for what is happening Carry out experiments Make

More information

An Overview of Oceans

An Overview of Oceans An Overview of Oceans Section 15.1 Bell Ringer: Name Earth s five oceans 1 An Overview of Oceans Oceanography is the scientific study of Earth s Oceans. In the 1800 s, the British ship H.M.S. Challenger

More information

Where is Earth s Water?

Where is Earth s Water? PASSAGE 1 Where is Earth s Water? Our planet contains a limited amount of water that is always in motion. The water that comes out of your faucet moved through the atmosphere, flowed across Earth s surface,

More information

Ocean Currents and Climate

Ocean Currents and Climate Ocean Currents and Climate Ocean water contains streamlike movements of water called ocean currents. Currents are influenced by a number of factors, including weather, the Earth's rotation, and the position

More information

Chapter 6 Simulating the Ocean and Sea Ice

Chapter 6 Simulating the Ocean and Sea Ice Chapter 6 Simulating the Ocean and Sea Ice The ocean covers about 70 % of the surface of the earth. Water is more dense than air: The top 33 ft (10 m) of ocean has the same mass as that of the entire atmosphere.

More information

Earth s Heat Budget. What causes the seasons? Seasons

Earth s Heat Budget. What causes the seasons? Seasons Earth s Heat Budget Solar energy and the global heat budget Transfer of heat drives weather and climate Ocean circulation A. Rotation of the Earth B. Distance from the Sun C. Variations of Earth s orbit

More information

Homework 5: Background Ocean Water Properties & Stratification

Homework 5: Background Ocean Water Properties & Stratification 14 August 2008 MAR 110 HW5: Ocean Properties 1 Homework 5: Background Ocean Water Properties & Stratification The ocean is a heterogeneous mixture of water types - each with its own temperature, salinity,

More information

ESS15 Lecture 13. End of the oceans (tropical / El Nino, thermohaline circulation) Weather vs. climate.

ESS15 Lecture 13. End of the oceans (tropical / El Nino, thermohaline circulation) Weather vs. climate. ESS15 Lecture 13 End of the oceans (tropical / El Nino, thermohaline circulation) Weather vs. climate. Please give me feedback through the EEE midterm evaluation survey. I promise to adapt to it. Review

More information

Website Lecture 3 The Physical Environment Part 1

Website   Lecture 3 The Physical Environment Part 1 Website http://websites.rcc.edu/halama Lecture 3 The Physical Environment Part 1 1 Lectures 3 & 4 1. Biogeochemical Cycling 2. Solar Radiation 3. The Atmosphere 4. The Global Ocean 5. Weather and Climate

More information

The Environmental Literacy Framework (ELF) was made possible through financial support provided by

The Environmental Literacy Framework (ELF) was made possible through financial support provided by The Environmental Literacy Framework (ELF) was made possible through financial support provided by Energy Geosphere As part of NOAA Environmental Literacy Grant #NA09SEC490009 to the University of Nebraska

More information

The Arctic Ocean Climate a balance between local radiation, advected heat and freshwater

The Arctic Ocean Climate a balance between local radiation, advected heat and freshwater The Arctic Ocean Climate a balance between local radiation, advected heat and freshwater Bert Rudels Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland French Arctic Initiative, Collège de France, Paris,

More information

Currents & Gyres Notes

Currents & Gyres Notes Currents & Gyres Notes Current A river of water flowing in the ocean. 2 Types of Currents Surface Currents wind-driven currents that occur in the top 100m or less Deep Currents density-driven currents

More information

CHAPTER 7 Ocean Circulation Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 7 Ocean Circulation Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 7 Ocean Circulation 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Ocean Currents Surface currents Deep currents 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Measuring Surface Currents Direct methods Floating device tracked

More information

Seawater Chemistry and Chemical Oceanography. The Universal Solvent. Sphere of Hydration

Seawater Chemistry and Chemical Oceanography. The Universal Solvent. Sphere of Hydration Seawater Chemistry and Chemical Oceanography The Universal Solvent Polarity of molecule makes water very effective at hydrating even weakly charged ions Sphere of Hydration Polarity of water molecules

More information

THE EARTH S CLIMATE SYSTEM

THE EARTH S CLIMATE SYSTEM THE EARTH S CLIMATE SYSTEM Earth s Climate System is driven by interactions between the parts of our biosphere So.what is the Biosphere? a relatively thin layer of Earth that has conditions suitable for

More information

FOURTH GRADE OCEANS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES

FOURTH GRADE OCEANS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES FOURTH GRADE OCEANS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES WATER CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FOURTH GRADE WATER WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing different reservoirs of water. LAB: Experimenting with surface tension and capillary

More information

Lecture 2: Light And Air

Lecture 2: Light And Air Lecture 2: Light And Air Earth s Climate System Earth, Mars, and Venus Compared Solar Radiation Greenhouse Effect Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere Atmosphere Ocean Solid Earth Solar forcing Land Energy,

More information

Earth/Environmental Science Oceanography

Earth/Environmental Science Oceanography Earth/Environmental Science Oceanography Name Part I. Modeling Deep Ocean Currents LAB: Ocean Circulation and Climate DIRECTIONS DO NOT RINSE the container between solutions! A. Effect of Temperature 1.

More information

Oceanography is the scientific study of oceans Oceans make up over 70% of the Earth s surface

Oceanography is the scientific study of oceans Oceans make up over 70% of the Earth s surface Oceanography Oceanography is the scientific study of oceans Oceans make up over 70% of the Earth s surface An ocean must be large and have features which set it apart from other oceans (currents, water

More information

Hydrosphere The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth.

Hydrosphere The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth. Hydrosphere The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth. The abundance of water on Earth is a unique feature that clearly distinguishes our "Blue Planet" from others in the solar system. Not a drop of

More information