Earth Planet Water. Earth 71% Formation of Water on Planet. Nearly ¾ of Earth s surface is covered by liquid water More covered by solid water
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1 Earth Planet Water 71% Nearly ¾ of Earth s surface is covered by liquid water More covered by solid water Where is it from? Formation of Water on Planet Earth Combination of volcanic activity and strong enough gravity field Water vapor, H gas, HCl, CO, CO 2, and N escaped from the chemically active interior of Earth and were trapped in the atmosphere by gravity steady state Water vapor condensed on cooling Earth to form water 1
2 Current Ocean Systems Non-steady state World Ocean Characteristics Area: 361,100,000km 2 71% of Earth s surface Volume: 1,370,000,000km 3 97% of Earth s surface water Average Depth: 3,800m Average Temperature: 3.9 o C Average Salinity: 35%0 2
3 Three Conventional Oceans Pacific bigger than all continents together Atlantic 26% of area covered by oceans Indian slightly smaller than the Atlantic, almost entirely in southern hemisphere And 2 Other Oceans Arctic Ocean least studied because it is covered by ice Southern Ocean mixing zone for all oceans Large Seas Mediterranean Sea Surrounded by Europe and Africa with a small open ocean connection middle of land sea Caribbean Sea Bounded by Antilles Islands (Lesser and Greater) and the Americas named after Carib Indians Other seas Bay of Bengal Persian Gulf Arabian Sea Gulf of Mexico 3
4 Average Depth 3940 m Volume x 10 6 km 3 Area x 10 6 km 2 The Pacific Ocean Average Depth 3844 m Volume x 10 6 km 3 Area 76.8 x 10 6 km 2 The Atlantic Ocean Average Depth 3840 m Volume x 10 6 km 3 Area 68.5 x 10 6 km 2 The Indian Ocean 4
5 Average Depth 1117 m Volume 17 x 10 6 km 3 Area 14.1 x 10 6 km 2 The Arctic Ocean The Southern Ocean Average Depth 4500 m Volume 91.5 x 10 6 km 3 Area 20.3 x 10 6 km 2 Average Depth 1500 m Volume 3.75 x 10 6 km 3 Area 2.5 x 10 6 km 2 Mediterranean Sea 5
6 Average Depth 2200 m Volume 6.05 x 10 6 km 3 Area 2.75 x 10 6 km 2 Caribbean Sea The Water Hemisphere Least studied areas of the world Profound impacts on climate and carbon cycling Many more records and measurements The Land Hemisphere Continental climate dominates 6
7 Water in Perspective Groundw ater 30% Fresh 2% Surface fresh 0% Other 1% Glaciers 69% Atmosphere 1% Rivers 2% Sw amps 11% Oceans 98% Lakes 87% The Global Water Cycle Residence Time Ocean Water 4060 y (1.3x10 9 /3.2x10 5 ) Atmosphere 0.04 y (1.5x10 4 /3.96x10 5 ) Atmospheric water is completely exchanged ~26 times per year! 7
8 Salt Water Emitted from primordial volcanoes Dissolved from continents Unreactive, stay in solution Non-steady state accumulation in oceans (and some lakes) Distillation across Isthmus of Panama Evaporation in N. Atlantic basin is carried over the isthmus of Panama. Salt is left behind. Distillation across Isthmus of Panama N. Atlantic is the saltiest open ocean. 8
9 Hypsographic Curve Elevation and Depth of Earth s Surface Marine Provinces Continental Shelf (0-150m) Continental Slope (150m-3500m) Trench (as deep as 11,022 m (Marianas Trench)) Seamount and Mid-ocean ridge (2500m, islands) Marine Provinces 9
10 Water, Planetary Tilt and Seasonality 23.5 o tilt causes seasons Seasonality in the Hemispheres Oceans have different heat capacity than land Seasonal effects of Earth s tilt are different in each hemisphere Seasonality in the Oceans Austral Summer 10
11 Seasonality in the Oceans Boreal Summer Seasonality through Time Eccentricity Change in Earth s elliptical orbit, varies on a 100,000y period 11
12 Precession Varies on 26,000 y period Ice Ages Change in steady state of Earth s hydrologic cycle Flux of seawater to ice becomes greater (F sw-ice ) Flux of ice to seawater becomes smaller (F ice-sw ) Obliquity Tilt of the axis varies on 41,000 y period 12
13 Scientific Exploration of Planet Water Research Vessels R/V Seward Johnson deploying a submersible R/V JOIDES Resolution a drilling ship R/V Flip a stable measurement platform Measuring the Oceans CTD Conductivity (salinity) Temperature Depth Rosette sampler Niskin (Nansen) bottles Measuring the Oceans Adjustable depth tow nets sample plankton (microscopic organisms) 13
14 Measuring the Oceans Seismic reflection Scuba Measuring in the Oceans Submersible AUV 14
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