8.E.1.1 Notes.notebook. November 02, 2014

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1 Unit 2 Hydrosphere 8.E.1.1 Structure of the Hydrosphere Water is the only substance on Earth that occurs naturally as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. Water covers 71% of Earth's surface! 97% of water on Earth saltwater (not drinkable) 3% is freshwater = majority in ice caps, glaciers, oceans 77% of freshwater is frozen 23% no frozen only half is available to supply life Availability of water varies with geography Oct 31 11:03 AM 1

2 Water is one of the most common substances on the surface of the Earth. It is often referred to as 'the universal solvent' because so many other substances dissolve in it. Water is a polar molecule because the hydrogen side of water forms a positive end and the oxygen side forms a negative end. Oct 31 11:27 AM 2

3 Properties of water > Polarity > Cohesion > Adhesion > High surface tension > Density > High specific heat > High heat of vaporization Oct 31 12:43 PM 3

4 Since water is polar it is the 'universal solvent' Positive side of water attracts and pulls away the negative atoms Negative side of water attracts and pulls away the positive atoms Oct 31 1:56 PM 4

5 Water can dissolve chemicals from Earth's crust and wash into the sea. Thus the ocean is salty. Salinity in ocean waters is increased by evaporation or by freezing of sea ice and it is decreased as a result of rainfall, runoff, or the melting of ice. Oct 31 5:00 PM 5

6 Water has a density of 1 g/ml. This is temperature dependent. If the temperature changes the volume changes. Increase temperature = Increase volume = Decreased density Decrease temperature = Decrease volume = Increase density Things that are less dense than water float. Things that are more dense than water sink. Oct 31 5:04 PM 6

7 The water cycle is the continuous movement of water in and around the Earth. The sun drives the entire water cycle and is responsible for its two major components. Oct 31 5:07 PM 7

These vents are the exit point on the ocean floor from which sea

8 Hydrothermal vents are features on the crest of oceanic ridges release dissolved minerals into the oceans. These vents are the exit point on the ocean floor from which sea water that has seeped into the rocks of the oceanic crust flows back into the ocean. Oct 31 5:09 PM 8

9 The ocean is an integral component of the world's climate due to its capacity to collect, drive and mix water, heat, and carbon dioxide. Seasons occur later than they would. Air above the ocean is warmed. Heat energy stored in the ocean in one season will affect the climate almost an entire season later. Nov 2 9:10 PM 9

10 Ocean and the atmosphere work together to form complex weather phenomena like the North Atlantic Oscillation and El Nino. Nov 2 9:14 PM 10

11 Many chemical cycles occurring between the ocean and the atmosphere also influence the climate by controlling the amount of radiation released into ecosystems and our environment. Nov 2 9:18 PM 11

12 Air temperatures all over the world are regulated by the circulation of heat by the oceans. The ocean stores heat in the upper two meters of the photic zone. Seawater has a very high density and specific heat and as a result can store vast quantities of energy in the form of heat. Nov 2 9:21 PM 12

13 The ocean can then buffer changes in temperature by storing heat and releasing heat. Evaporation cools ocean water which cools the atmosphere. It is most noticeable near the equator and the effect decreases closer to the poles. Nov 2 9:25 PM 13

14 A river basin is the portion of land drained by a river and its tributaries. It encompasses the entire land surface drained by the various streams and creeks that flow downhill into one another, and eventually into one river. Nov 2 9:27 PM 14

15 The final destination of the water drained by a river basin is an estuary or an ocean. a river basin sends all the water falling on the surrounding land into a central river and out to the sea. Nov 2 9:30 PM 15

16 For land dwellers, everyone lives in a river basin. Even if they do not live near the water, landdwellers live on land that drains to a river or estuary or lake, and their actions on that land affect water quality and quantity far downstream. Nov 2 9:35 PM 16

17 There are 17 river basins in North Carolina. The topography of each basin determines the area that it drains, and whether that water flows into the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico Nov 2 9:37 PM 17

The Dynamic Earth Section 3. Chapter 3 The Dynamic Earth Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere DAY 1

The Dynamic Earth Section 3. Chapter 3 The Dynamic Earth Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere DAY 1 Chapter 3 The Dynamic Earth Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere DAY 1 The Hydrosphere The hydrosphere includes all of the water on or near the Earth s surface. This includes water in the oceans, lakes,