Which process is represented by letter F? A) capillarity B) infiltration C) condensation D) vaporization

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1 1. Water's covalent bond is due to A) water's ability to stick to stick to other materials B) a slight negative charge of O and positive charge of H C) an uneven sharing of electrons D) both B and C 2. Cohesion is defined as water's ability to A) stick to other water molecules B) flow off materials of other substances C) stick to molecules of other substances D) none of the above 3. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below, which shows the salinity of three different water samples and their densities. Salinity is a measure of total amount of dissolved minerals in the sea water expressed as parts per thousand (%). The temperature of all three water masses is 20ºC. 5. Water is a major agent of chemical weathering because water A) cools the surroundings when it evaporates B) dissolves many of the minerals that make up rocks C) has a density of about one gram per cubic centimeter D) has the highest specific heat of all common earth materials 6. Oil floats on water because it is A) non-polar B) polar C) bi-polar D) none of the above 7. Water's covalent bonds are important because A) they are difficult to break apart and reform B) they easily stick to molecules of other substances C) they easily break apart and re-form D) they are acidic in nature The three water samples were found in the same calm region of the ocean. What are their relative vertical positions? A) C would be above A but below B B) A would be above both B and C C) B would be below both A and C D) C would be below A but above B 4. Salt dissolves in water because A) water is polar and salt is non-polar B) salt is polar and water is non-polar C) both salt and water are non-polar D) both salt and water are polar

2 8. Base your answer to the following question on the map and cross section below. The map shows the shapes and locations of New York State's 11 Finger Lakes and the locations of some major glacial deposits (moraines) left behind by the last ice age. The cross section shows surface elevations, valley depths, and water depths of the Finger Lakes. Which statement explains why the deep water of the Finger Lakes moderates the temperature of the surrounding areas? A) Due to water's low specific heat, water temperature changes rapidly. B) Due to water's low specific heat, water temperature changes slowly. C) Due to water's high specific heat, water temperature changes rapidly. D) Due to water's high specific heat, water temperature changes slowly.

9. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows a model of the water cycle. Letters A through F represent some processes of the water cycle.

3 9. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows a model of the water cycle. Letters A through F represent some processes of the water cycle. Letter X indicates the top of the underground zone that is saturated with water. Which process is represented by letter F? A) capillarity B) infiltration C) condensation D) vaporization

10. Base your answer to the following question on your knowledge of Earth science, the Earth Science Reference Tables, and the diagram below which represents a cross section of the Earth's crust. 14.

4 10. Base your answer to the following question on your knowledge of Earth science, the Earth Science Reference Tables, and the diagram below which represents a cross section of the Earth's crust. 14. At high elevations, which is the most common form of physical weathering? A) abrasion of rocks by the wind B) alternate freezing and melting of water C) dissolving of minerals into solution D) oxidation by oxygen in the atmosphere Rock layer B appears to be A) younger than residual soil X B) made of a different material than rock layer G C) more resistant to weathering than rock layer C D) the result of an igneous extrusion 11. In the diagram below, sample X and sample Y represent equal masses of earth material which are weathering under the same conditions. The samples have the same mineral composition. The weathering rate for sample Y will most likely be A) less than X B) greater than X C) the same as X 12. Chemical weathering occurs most rapidly in climates which are A) moist and warm B) moist and cold C) dry and cold D) dry and warm 13. Which property of water makes frost action a common and effective form of weathering? A) Water dissolves many earth materials. B) Water expands when it freezes. C) Water cools the surroundings when it evaporates. D) Water loses 334 Joules of heat per gram when it freezes.

Base your answers to questions 15 through 17 on the diagram below which represents the dominant type of weathering for various climatic conditions. 17. Four samples of the same material with identical composition and mass were cut as shown in the diagrams below.

A) a mean annual temperature of 25ºC and a mean annual precipitation of 100 mm B) a mean annual temperature of 15ºC and a mean annual precipitation of 25 mm C) a mean annual temperature of 5ºC and a

Why is no frost action shown for locations with a mean annual temperature greater than 13ºC? A) Very little freezing takes place at these locations.

5 Base your answers to questions 15 through 17 on the diagram below which represents the dominant type of weathering for various climatic conditions. 17. Four samples of the same material with identical composition and mass were cut as shown in the diagrams below. When subjected to the same chemical weathering, which sample will weather at the fastest rate? A) B) C) D) 15. Which climatic conditions would produce very slight weathering? A) a mean annual temperature of 25ºC and a mean annual precipitation of 100 mm B) a mean annual temperature of 15ºC and a mean annual precipitation of 25 mm C) a mean annual temperature of 5ºC and a mean annual precipitation of 50 mm D) a mean annual temperature of -5ºC and a mean annual precipitation of 50 mm 16. Why is no frost action shown for locations with a mean annual temperature greater than 13ºC? A) Very little freezing takes place at these locations. B) Large amounts of evaporation take place at these locations. C) Very little precipitation falls at these locations. D) Large amounts of precipitation fall at these locations. 18. Which is the best example of physical weathering? A) the cracking of rock caused by the freezing and thawing of water B) the transportation of sediment in a stream C) the reaction of limestone with acid rainwater D) the formation of a sandbar along the side of a stream 19. Which factor has the least effect on the weathering of a rock? A) climatic conditions B) composition of the rock C) exposure of the rock to the atmosphere D) the number of fossils found in the rock

20. Base your answer to the following question on the Earth Science Reference Tables and the diagram below. The diagram represents two branches of a valley glacier.

6 20. Base your answer to the following question on the Earth Science Reference Tables and the diagram below. The diagram represents two branches of a valley glacier. Points A, B, G, and H are located on the surface of the glacier. Point X is located at the interface between the ice and the bedrock. The arrows indicate the general direction of ice movement. 22. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below. The graph represents the loss of lettering depth due to weathering on the surface of four tombstones in a cemetery in New York State. The tombstones are all the same size and shape and are made from the same type of rock. Each tombstone faces a different direction (north, east, south, or west). Which type of weathering most likely is dominant in the area represented by the diagram? A) biologic activity B) frost action C) acid reactions D) chemical reactions 21. Which change in climate would most likely cause the greatest increase in chemical weathering of local bedrock? A) lower temperature in winter B) lower humidity in winter C) higher atmospheric pressure in summer D) greater precipitation in summer Which statement best explains why weathering of the tombstones occurred? A) They were made of relatively hard materials. B) They were made of rock with small particle sizes. C) They were exposed to a warm, dry climate. D) They were exposed to air and water. 23. Chemical weathering will occur most rapidly when rocks are exposed to the A) hydrosphere and lithosphere B) mesosphere and thermosphere C) hydrosphere and atmosphere D) lithosphere and atmosphere 24. Which substance has the greatest effect on the rate of weathering of rock? A) nitrogen B) hydrogen C) water D) argon 25. As a particle of sediment in a stream breaks into several smaller pieces, the rate of weathering of the sediment will A) decrease due to a decrease in surface area B) decrease due to an increase in surface area C) increase due to a decrease in surface area D) increase due to an increase in surface area

7 26. Rock samples brought back from the Moon show absolutely no evidence of chemical weathering. This is most likely due to A) the lack of an atmosphere on the Moon B) extremely low surface temperatures on the Moon C) lack of biological activity on the Moon D) large quantities of water in the lunar "seas" 27. Solid bedrock is changed to soil primarily by the process of A) erosion B) weathering C) infiltration D) transpiration 28. Which graph best represents the chemical weathering rate of a limestone boulder as the boulder is broken into pebble-sized particles? A) B) 30. The processes that change the boulder and cobbles into soil are weathering and A) metamorphism B) cementation of sediments C) biological activity D) melting of rock material 31. Soil horizons develop as a result of A) evaporation and transpiration B) compacting and cementing C) weathering and biological activity D) faulting and folding 32. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the average yearly temperature and average yearly precipitation for Earth locations A through E. C) D) Base your answers to questions 29 and 30 on the diagram below, which shows a surface and cross-sectional view of a portion of the Earth 15 kilometers from a mountain range. Which location has the climatic conditions necessary for the greatest amount of chemical weathering to occur? A) A B) B C) C D) D 29. The granite boulder and the granite cobbles have similar chemical compositions. Compared to the rate of weathering of the boulder, the rate of weathering of an equal mass of cobbles is probably A) slower due to location B) faster due to location C) slower due to particle size D) faster due to particle size

33. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart. 34. The diagram below shows granite bedrock with cracks.

The action of the root splitting the bedrock is an example of A) chemical weathering B) deposition C) erosion D) physical weathering Which statement best describes the physical weathering shown by

8 33. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart. 34. The diagram below shows granite bedrock with cracks. Water has seeped into the cracks and frozen. The arrows represent the directions in which the cracks have widened due to weathering. The action of the root splitting the bedrock is an example of A) chemical weathering B) deposition C) erosion D) physical weathering Which statement best describes the physical weathering shown by the diagram? A) Enlargement of the cracks occurs because water expands when it freezes. B) This type of weathering occurs only in bedrock composed of granite. C) The cracks become wider because of chemical reactions between water and the rock. D) This type of weathering is common in regions of primarily warm and humid climates.

9 Base your answers to questions 35 and 36 on flowchart below, which shows a general overview of the processes and substances involved in the weathering of rocks at Earth's surface. Letter X represents an important substance involved in both major types of weathering, labeled A and B on the flowchart. Some weathering processes are defined below the flowchart. 35. Which term best identifies the type of weathering represented by A? A) physical B) biological C) chemical D) glacial 36. Which substance is represented by X on both sides of the flowchart? A) potassium feldspar B) air C) hydrochloric acid D) water

37. Base your answer to the following question on the laboratory experiment described below. The weathering of four different rock samples with different masses was studied.

10 37. Base your answer to the following question on the laboratory experiment described below. The weathering of four different rock samples with different masses was studied. Each rock sample was placed in a separate beaker containing 500 milliliters of a dilute acid for 10 minutes. Bubbling was observed in some of the beakers. The data table below shows the mass of each sample, in grams, before placement in the acid and after removal from the acid. Which Earth process is being modeled in this experiment? A) physical weathering in the hydrosphere B) physical weathering in the mesosphere C) chemical weathering in the hydrosphere D) chemical weathering in the mesosphere 38. The two block diagrams below represent the formation of caves. Which types of weathering and erosion are primarily responsible for the formation of caves? A) chemical weathering and groundwater flow B) chemical weathering and runoff C) physical weathering and groundwater flow D) physical weathering and runoff

11 39. Base your answer to the following question on the reading passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Roche Moutonée A roche moutonée is a glacial landscape feature produced as an advancing glacier slides over a hill of surface bedrock. As the glacier advances up the side of the hill, the surface bedrock is abraded and smoothed by rock fragments carried within the base of the glacial ice, creating a more gentle hillslope. As the glacier advances down the opposite side of the hill, chunks of bedrock are broken off and removed by the ice, a process called glacial quarrying (plucking), making this side of the hill steeper. The resulting hill resembles a drumlin, except it is often smaller and is composed of solid rock. The formation of a roche moutonée by glaciers is best described as an example of A) chemical weathering B) physical weathering C) sediment deposition D) mass movement 40. Water retains heat longer than land because it has A) a greater density than land B) a high heat capactiy C) a non-polar bond D) a solvent ability

12 Earth Science Name Class Date

1. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart.

1. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart. 4. Which process involves either a physical or chemical breakdown of earth materials?