Today we begin with. Water is everywhere on and in Earth It is the only substance that exists in all 3 phases (solid, liquid, gas) on the surface!
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1 Water is everywhere on and in Earth It is the only substance that exists in all 3 phases (solid, liquid, gas) on the surface! Today we begin with Water Origin of Earth s water Properties of water Water Cycles 1
2 Origin of Water: Where does it come from? Earth didn t have oceans 4.5 b.y. ago during magma ocean stage So, where did surface water come from? It came from Earth s interior and was released during mantle melting (seafloor spreading). Origin of Water - accretion of planetesimals Planetesimals collide to build Earth Planetesimals contain ~ 1-18% H 2 O additional H 2 O from meteorites and comets impacting early Earth All this water is in the Earth s mantle (not liquid water) Water is liberated to surface by mantle degassing plate tectonics of early Earth results in mantle melting Liberates mantle water to surface during seafloor spreading creating oceans & atmosphere! 2
3 Why does Earth have oceans? Goldie Locks Effect Distance from Sun! Mars is too far (cold) and has no plate tectonics. Any water released by volcanism is frozen in the upper Martian crust. Venus is too close to Sun and too hot (because of greenhouse effect and increased solar radiation) If Earth was 17% closer to sun, then liquid water would not form on surface. Thus no CO 2 dissolved in oceans and E would be hot enough to melt Lead (like Venus is). If Earth was further from sun, then solar radiation would be lower and E would be an ice house like Mars. Properties of water Water is a Polar Molecule Covalent bonded O & H (share electrons) H-O-H is NOT linear, rather H are on one side of the molecule Result: positive H nuclei at one end and negative electrons at other end This leads to hydrogen bonding between water molecules. 3
4 Hydrogen-bonding Positive H end attracts negative O end in a weak bond (hydrogen bond) The polar water molecule and resulting hydrogen bonds are responsible for ALL water s unusual properties High surface tension, large heat capacity, large latent heats of fusion and vaporization, Strange Density variations Ice is less dense than water Ice structure expanded 109º between H (was 105º in liquid water) Hydrogen bonds become stiff (solid crystal) Lower Density than water Ice at 0ºC = 0.92 g/cc Water at 0ºC = g/cc ICE FLOATS! 4
5 Properties of water: Heat Capacity Heat Capacity = amount of heat required to raise Temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1ºC (this is a definition!) Heat Capacity of water = 1 calorie/g/ºc This is a VERY LARGE Heat Capacity (20 x that of quartz) Hydrogen bonds are the cause of this LARGE heat capacity need lots of heat energy to vibrate all those hydrogen bonds (raise temperature)! Which contains more heat: A candle flame or a warm Bath? Big Point Big Point of water s LARGE Heat Capacity Water can store & transport lots of heat! Or Water controls heat budget of Oceans- Atmosphere-Crust! 5
6 Latent Heat: What is it? Energy required to melt or boil Consider icy cool lemonade Initially 0ºC, as ice melts what is the Temp? Latent Heat is the heat transferred during a phase change. During the phase change, there is no change in temperature (all heat goes to breaking or forming H-bonds) Latent H of melting regulates ocean temperature, and thus global temperature Latent H of vaporization controls atmospheric circulation and temperature Hydro-Tectonic Cycle: Water transferred between atm-lithosphere-asthenosphere What is the energy source that powers this cycle? Earth s internal heat! Water fluxes between reservoirs: 1. Sediment burial 2. Release from Metamorphic Reactions. 3. Release from subducting slab into trench. 4. Release into mantle wedge (some out the volcanic arc) 5. Recycled to mantle from slab, released from mantle by seafloor spreading. 6
7 Hydrologic Cycle Transfer of H 2 O between exogenic reservoirs: oceans, crust, glaciers, surface water, atmosphere Powered by solar radiation! Evaporation Transpiration Sublimation Precipitation Precipitation on land: 40% runs off to oceans 60% infiltrates shallow GW 7
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