Figure 1.12 Figure 1.11

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1 INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY Cabrillo College, Fall Semester, 2016 Instructors: David Schwartz, Wayne Bloechl, & Lauren Hanneman LECTURE TOPICS (FIRST HALF) TEXT ASSIGNMENTS 1. Introduction To Oceanography History Of Oceanography... Prologue 3. Bathymetry & Sea Floor Topography... 3 (83 92) 4. Sea Floor Spreading; "The Origin Of Ocean Basins Marine Sediment... 3 (92 109) 6. Shoreline and Coastal Processes Seawater Chemistry... 4 & 5 MIDTERM on Tuesday 10/25: includes all lecture material, the text book and labs 1 through 4 INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY LECTURE TOPICS (SECOND HALF) TEXT ASSIGNMENT 8. Winds, Currents and Ocean Circulation... Portions of 6 & 7 9. Waves Tides Sea Level Changes... Lecture only 12. Marine Ecology Life In The Water; Plankton & Nekton & Ocean Resources & Pollution 15. COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM is 12/15 (Thur) 10 a.m. - 12:50p.m. in Room 450 REQUIRED TEXTS: Both required books are available at the Cabrillo College Bookstore. 1. Investigating Oceanography, Sverdrup, K. and Kudela, R., 2013, McGraw Hill, First Edition. 2. Introduction To Oceanography Lab Manual, Schwartz, D., Bloechl, W., & Olin, C., th Edition Optional Research Reports and Activities (extra credit) Beach Profile Research Report (40 extra points) Ocean Debris Monitor & Training Program(40 extra points) Internet Research Report (40 extra points) What to do now: 1) Solve Eng/Metric conversion problems in Lab #1 2) Read PROLOGUE History of Oceanography Focus on topics in the LECTURE OUTLINE / TOPIC STUDY GUIDE 3) Look over Intro to Oceanography: Chapter 1 & Chap 3 on Sea Floor Topgraphy Can only do ONE of the above Community Activities (open to EVERYONE) (20 extra points) 37 th Bi-Annual Corcoran Lagoon and Coastal Cleanup (We need a planner ) Please get involved and communicate with us! Annual transfer rates in thousands of cubic kilometers Figure 1.12 Figure

2 Figure 1.21 Think about Beach Profiling. I still need an Organizer / Planner / Leader for the Coastal Cleanup ~1.4% 66 million ~4% (185my) 251 million ~6.3% (291my) 542 Million Geologic Time ~88.2% (4by, 58my) Billion 2

3 The Spread of Humanity OUTLINE OF A BRIEF "HISTORY OF OCEANOGRAPHY" The Polynesians: begin extensive voyages by 1500 B.C. Colonized major islands between New Zealand, Easter Island and eventually Hawaii. Colonize Hawaiian Islands between A.D. The Phoenicians: approx BC to 350 B.C. Excellent navigators and sailors. Sail around Africa in 590B.C. The Greeks: Aristotle ( B.C.) Understands basic principles of Hydrologic Cycle. Relates tides with the moon, began classifying marine organisms Pytheas discovers the Canary Current, explores British Islands, relates tides with the moon. Eratosthenes: approx BC, of Alexandria Egypt. Correctly calculates circumference of the earth, distance to moon and sun, tilt of the earth s axis and compiles a star catalog with 675 stars. Invents Latitude and Longitude and the Leap Day. Ptolemy: AD, a Greek mathematician, astronomer, geographer makes 1st world atlas. Lists over 8,000 places with Lat / Long. Also incorrectly calculates circumference of earth, off by ~30% 3

4 After Ptolemy... The Dark Ages aka The Middle Ages, for approx. next 1,000 years, ~ or 5 th to 15 th century. Cultural and economic decline following the Fall of the Roman Empire The Vikings: (AD ,000) Voyage to and colonize Iceland & Greenland. Eventually voyage to "Vineland" or Northeastern North America. Considered barbarians by most Europeans. Built strong, fast, stable ships. Excellent sailors. Chinese Navigators: ~ Admiral Zheng He commanded 317 ships and ~28,000 men! Explored mostly in Indian Ocean, gave away goods. Invented central rudder, sophisticated sails, distilled fresh water from seawater, grew fresh vegetables on board, could stay at sea for >4 months! Late 1400's, early 1500's: Prince Henry the Navigator, The Age of Discovery. 1700's: Captain James Cook ( ), Ben Franklin ( ) 1800's: Formal beginning of scientific thought. Ed Forbes ( ) Charles Darwin ( ) Mathew Maury ( ) Sir James Clark Ross ( ) 4

5 11 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE NAPOLEON BONAPARTE ADOLF HITLER ZHENG HE 1371-c.1435 In the early decades of the 15th century, the seas off Asia were dominated by the huge Chinese treasure ships of Admiral Zheng He--each one of them five times as large as a typical European caravel. Zheng led seven naval expeditions between 1405 and His assignment was to extend China's political sway overseas. His first entourage included 62 ships and 27,800 men; the others were of similar scale, making them the most fantastic naval ventures the world had yet seen. His journeys took him to the east coast of Africa, to Mecca and to India. Zheng always brought back exotic souvenirs as proof of his exploits, including, once, an African giraffe. 15 HENRY FORD SIGMUND FREUD RICHARD ARKWRIGHT KARL MARX NICOLAUS COPERNICUS ORVILLE & WILBUR WRIGHT & After Ptolemy... THE MIDDLE AGES for approx. next 1,000 years, ~ The Vikings: (AD ,000) Voyage to and colonize Iceland & Greenland. Eventually voyage to "Vineland" or Northeastern North America. Considered barbarians by most Europeans. Excellent sailors. Bede: (AD ) calculates tides in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Chinese Navigators: ~ Admiral Zheng He commanded 317 ships and 37,000 men! Explored mostly in Indian Ocean, gave away goods. Late 1400's, early 1500's: Prince Henry the Navigator, The Age of Discovery. 1700's: Captain James Cook ( ), Ben Franklin ( ) 1800's: Formal beginning of scientific thought. Ed Forbes ( ) Charles Darwin ( ) Mathew Maury ( ) Sir James Clark Ross ( ) 5

6 After Ptolemy... THE MIDDLE AGES for approx. next 1,000 years, ~ The Vikings: (AD ,000) Voyage to and colonize Iceland & Greenland. Eventually voyage to "Vineland" or Northeastern North America. Considered barbarians by most Europeans. Excellent sailors. Bede: (AD ) calculates tides in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Chinese Navigators: ~ Admiral Zheng He commanded 317 ships and 37,000 men! Explored mostly in Indian Ocean, gave away goods. Late 1400's, early 1500's: Prince Henry the Navigator, The Age of Discovery. 1700's: Captain James Cook ( ), Ben Franklin ( ) 1800's: Formal beginning of scientific thought. Ed Forbes ( ) Charles Darwin ( ) Mathew Maury ( ) Sir James Clark Ross ( ) (a) Fringing Reef. (b) Barrier Reef.. (c) Atoll Fringing Reef Barrier Reef Atoll 6

7 : H.M.S. Challenger expedition. Known as the NEW AGE OF OCEANOGRAPHY. Sir Wyville Thomson ( ) Fridtjof Nanson ( ) Pioneering Scandinavian zoologist, explorer, oceanographer. Crosses Greenland in 1888 sledding, skiing and camping. Designs wooden Fram, frozen in Arctic ice for nearly 4 years with 13 men in June st professor of Oceanography. Nobel Peace Prize 1922 Late 1800's: Radioactivity discovered. Eventually global radiometric age dating revises ideas of geologic time before W.W.II Between H.M.S. Challenger & W.W. II: Transportation, defense, fisheries and marine resources in relationship with temperatures, salinity and currents, plankton studies Alfred Wegener ( ) "Continental Drift" The Titanic sinks the night of April 14th, German Survey Vessel Meteor Post W.W.II: Echo Sounding 1960's: Sea Floor Spreading (SFS) & The Theory of Plate Tectonics between 1965 and R/V (research vessel) Glomar Challenger DSDP Deep Sea Drilling Project established IPOD International Phase of Ocean Drilling established IDOE International Decade of Ocean Drilling established The Nansen Bottle : H.M.S. Challenger expedition. Known as the NEW AGE OF OCEANOGRAPHY. Sir Wyville Thomson ( ) Fridtjof Nanson ( ) Pioneering Scandinavian zoologist, explorer, oceanographer. Crosses Greenland in 1888 sledding, skiing and camping. Designs wooden Fram, frozen in Arctic ice for nearly 4 years with 13 men in June st professor of Oceanography. Nobel Peace Prize 1922 Late 1800's: Radioactivity discovered. Eventually global radiometric age dating revises ideas of geologic time before W.W.II Between H.M.S. Challenger & W.W. II: Transportation, defense, fisheries and marine resources in relationship with temperatures, salinity and currents, plankton studies Alfred Wegener ( ) "Continental Drift" The Titanic sinks the night of April 14th, German Survey Vessel Meteor Post W.W.II: Echo Sounding 1960's: Sea Floor Spreading (SFS) & The Theory of Plate Tectonics between 1965 and R/V (research vessel) Glomar Challenger DSDP Deep Sea Drilling Project established IPOD International Phase of Ocean Drilling established IDOE International Decade of Ocean Drilling established Glomar Challenger 7

8 1980's & 1990's: The JOIDES Resolution, Submersibles and ROV Robotics, AUV s Autonomous Robert Ballard: underwater archeology; Titanic, Bismarck, USS Yorktown, PT 109 Marine Resources: food & fresh water, oil, gas, minerals, Aquiculture Energy: currents, waves, tides oil, gas, solar Transportation Defense... Computers... Satellites... Remote Sensing GIS, GPS, POLLUTION Institutes currently doing active research include: Scripps Institute of Oceanography U.C. San Diego, La Jolla Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, NY Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, MIT, Massachusetts Texas A & M University of Rhode Island University of Miami University of Washington, Seattle Oregon State University, Corvalles University of Delaware Duke University, Boeford N.C. Corpus Christy JOIDES Resolution Local Monterey Bay Institutions MLML: Moss Landing Marine Labs, San Jose State & the Cal State System Long Marine Lab, U.C. Santa Cruz Hopkins Marine Station in Monterey, Stanford University CSUMB, California State University Monterey Bay Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey MBARI, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute Who s doing marine science, engineering and education in the Monterey Bay region? MBARI Stanford: Hopkins Marine Station CSU Monterey Bay Cal State University MLML or ML 2 Institute of Marine Sciences UCSC: Long Marine Lab and The Seymore Marine Discovery Center National Marine Fisheries Service USGS MATE (Marine Advanced Technology Education) Monterey Bay Aquarium Naval Post Graduate School Elkhorn Slough Research Reserve Who s also here.. Fish and Game Camp Sea Lab Monterey Bay Maritime Museum of Monterey Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Stranding Network, with MLML Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Watsonville Wetlands Watch American Cetacean Society Año Nuevo State Park and Point Lobos State Reserve Pelagic Shark Research Foundation Cabrillo, Hartnell and MPC AND MORE! See web site below 8