Earthquake Tectonics and Hazards on the Continents June Recognizing and characterizing strike-slip faults and earthquakes in USA
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1 Earthquake Tectonics and Hazards on the Continents June 2013 Recognizing and characterizing strike-slip faults and earthquakes in USA S. G. Wesnousky Univ. of Nevada USA
2 Strike-slip Faults Geomorphic Expression, Slip Rate, and Repeat Time Trieste 2013 Wesnousky
3 Physiograhy Geomorphology and Faulting
4 A Strike-Slip Fault
5 This with Configuration PixMap the current cannot Hardware/Software be displayed A o Fault B An earthquake is the result of a sudden displacement across a fault that releases stresses that have accumulated in the crust of the earth. C o
6 Mckay s 1890 report on the 1888 Hope Fault Earthquake, NewZealand Koto s 1893 report on the 1891 Neodani Earthquake, Japan Gilbert s 1884 paper on theorey of earthquakes in the Great Basin and 1910 account of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, United States.
7 1992 Landers 1992 d 1999 Hector Mine
8 Calculation of slip rate and earthquake repeat time The repetition of this process results in distinct geomorphic features along fault zones that may be interpreted by geologists To determine the rate, style, and magnitude of fault slip
9
10 San Andreas Rift Strike-slip displacement juxtaposition of topography cataclasis and weakening of rock in fault zone stream capture along fault Pt. Arena preferential erosion along fault leads to long linear ridges and valleys... Pt. Reyes
11 Gualala River View North to Coast
12 Tomales and Bolinas Bays north of San Francisco Bay
13 San Andreas Lake
14 Central San Andreas Carrizo Plain Monterey
15 example of offset stream
16 San Andreas is Carrizo Plain linearity of trace alternate-facing scarps San Andreas
17 linearity of trace alternate-facing scarps sag ponds Sag Ponds
18 Cataclasis in fault zone leads to increase in volume of sediments - Small component of contraction in additon to strike-slip can lead to uplift and folding along fault zone - sometimes referred to as flower structure
19 linear trace in Carrizo Plain
20 Incision on hanging/uplifted wall... offset and abandoned streams
21 Channel abandoned 3700 ybp 128 meters Calculation of fault slip rate... San Andreas slip rate = 128m / 3700 years = ~ 34 mm/yr Sieh and Jahns (1984), GSAB v. 95,
22 Offsets D = 9 to 12 m interpreted to be result of single earthquake... Calculation of Repeat Time... Average Repeat Time = 9 to 12 m / ~34 mm/yr = 250 to 450 years Sieh and Jahns (1984), GSAB v. 95,
23 Offset and beheaded stream Slip Rate = ~210m / ~17kyr = ~ 12 mm/yr Rockwell et al (1990), JGR, v. 95,
24 Strike Slip Faults are often long and quite linear - but they are not always continuous
25 San Andreas D=150 km 1&12: SAN ANDREAS FAULT: SS 150 KM; LENGTH ~ 1000 KM Pt. Arena to Belmont N Pt. Arena Pacific Ocean Los Gatos to Cholame N San Juan Bautista Los Gatos Bitterwater Cholame to Little Rock Reservoir 0 km 50 Cholame N Pearblossom to Bombay Beach Pearblossom Garlock Fault D=64 km 2: GARLOCK FAULT; SS~ 64KM; Length ~ 240KM Step~3km Koehn Lake Fremont Valley 0 km 50 Step ~1/2km Searles Valley 5: SAN JACINTO FAULT: SS 25 KM; LENGTH ~ 230KM CLARE BORREGO SUPERSTITION MONT km Step: ~ 5km SAN Loma Linda ANDREAS Wrightwood Cajon Pass Yucaipa San Jacinto D=25 km CASA LOMA CLARKE Step ~ 4km Hemet Step ~ 4kmCOYOTE Steps ~ 5km & 1 km N Golden Gate Parkfield Step~1km Indio Cholame Little Rock Little Rock Reservoir Los Gatos BomBay Beach N N Strike-Slip Faults of California Structural Evolution of Faults Long, and linear, Fault but Systems? NOT continuous Seismological D estimate of total Evolution strike-slip since birth of Faults fault and Fault Systems? Whittier-Elsinore D~15 km 4: WHITTIER-ELSINORE FAULT ZONE: SS 10-15KM; LENGTH ~ 240KM N CoronaStep:~3km Agua Tibia Mtn. Step:~3km WHITTIER Lake Elsinore 0 km 50 Baldwin Hills Rosecran Hills Step: ~ 2km Step: ~ 3km 0 km 20 Dominguez Hills Signal Steps: ~ 2km Hill Step:~3km Coyote Mtns. Newport-Inglewood D=10 km 3: NEWPORT- INGLEWOOD FAULT: SS~0.2-10KM; LENGTH = 60KM N FAULT SANTA MONICA Long Beach Pacific Ocean Newport Beach LAGUNA SALADA
26 Structural Evolution of Faults - tend to simplify with accumulated offset
27 Complexity (steps/km) (0-1 steps/75km) Turkey China Japan N. Calif. New Zealand S. and Baja Calif Cumulative Strike-Slip (km)
28 How do discontinuities (steps) in fault trace effect the propagation of earthquake ruptures? extension contraction
29 can be important to hazard analysis... Compilation of 20+ strike-slip surface-rupture earthquakes..
30 Is termination of STRIKE-SLIP rupture associated with step in fault trace of dimension >=1km or end of active fault trace?
31 Summary of behavior of all discontinuities along strike of historical earthquake ruptures.
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