Elastic rebound theory
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1 Elastic rebound theory
2 Focus epicenter - wave propagation
3 Dip-Slip Fault - Normal
4 Normal Fault vertical motion due to tensional stress Hanging wall moves down, relative to the footwall
5 Opal Mountain, Mojave Desert
6 Opal Mountain, Mojave Desert
7 Dip-Slip Fault - Reverse
8 Reverse Fault vertical motion due to compressional stress Hanging wall moves up, relative to the footwall
9 Thrust Fault low-angle reverse fault typically (though not always) larger than a reverse fault, with greater displacement
10 Strike-Slip Fault Right Lateral
11 Strike-Slip Fault Left Lateral
12 Strike-slip Fault Horizontal motion due to shear stress Also known as a Transform fault
13 Releasing bend, Mojave Desert Bend in fault opens as opposite sides are pulled apart
14 Releasing bend Lake Elsinore CA
15 Restraining bend, central California Bend in fault converges as opposite sides are pushed into each other
16 Restraining bend
17 Inertial Seismometer
18 How Seismometers Work
19 How Seismometers Work
20 A seismogram records amplitude vs. time
21 Body waves P-waves compressional S-waves transverse Velocity increases with density/rigidity (min at surface)
22 Solid Earth Primary (P) waves Secondary (S) waves
23 Fluid Earth Primary (P) waves Secondary (S) waves
24 Surface waves Love Waves Transverse Rayleigh Waves Orbital All motion dissipates with depth (max at surface)
25 A time-travel graph is used to find distance to the earthquake focus
26 A time-travel graph is used to find distance to the earthquake focus
27 Locating Earthquakes
28 Locating Earthquakes
29 Locating Earthquakes
30 Locating Earthquakes - Depth
31 Focal mechanisms
32 Focal mechanisms
33 Focal mechanisms
34 Earthquake Magnitude Richter Scale (M L ): Related to Energy Release Exponential No Upper or Lower Bounds Largest Quakes about M L = 8.7
35 Richter Magnitude Base-10 logarithm of the: amplitude of the largest wave; measured in microns from a distance of 100 kilometers
36 Richter Nomograph
37 Richter Nomograph
38 Richter Nomograph
39 Richter Nomograph
40 Richter Nomograph
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44 Magnitude - Energy Magnitude-Energy Relation M L -- Energy released 4 ~ 1 5 ~ 32
45 Magnitude - Energy Magnitude-Energy Relation M L -- Energy released 4 ~ 1 5 ~ 32 6 ~ 1,000
46 Magnitude - Energy Magnitude-Energy Relation M L -- Energy released 4 ~ 1 5 ~ 32 6 ~ 1,000 7 ~ 32,000
47 Magnitude - Energy Magnitude-Energy Relation M L -- Energy released 4 ~ 1 5 ~ 32 6 ~ 1,000 7 ~ 32,000 8 ~ 1,000,000
48 Seismic Moment A seismograph measures ground motion at one instant but -- Great earthquakes last several minutes They release energy over hundreds of kilometers Need to Sum Energy of Entire Record Modifies Richter Scale, doesn't replace it Adds about 1 Magnitude To 8+ Quakes
49 Seismic Moment To calculate energy release in great Eqs: We need to sum energy of entire record Size of fault plane involved Ability of rocks to store strain energy Amount of displacement
50 Seismic Moment L: total length of offset on fault A: area of ruptured fault plane µ: strength or rigidity of rock (resistance to rupture) Seismic Moment M 0 = L x A x µ
51 Seismic - Moment Magnitude Seismic Moment M 0 = L x A x µ Moment Magnitude M w = (log 10 x M 0 9.1) 2 3
52 Magnitude and Energy
53 Magnitude and Energy
54 energy -v- distance Hiroshima bombing ~ 15 kt Nagasaki bombing ~ 21 kt
55 energy -v- distance Hiroshima bombing ~ 15 kt Nagasaki bombing ~ 21 kt
56 energy -v- distance Hiroshima bombing ~ 15 kt Nagasaki bombing ~ 21 kt
57 energy -v- distance Hiroshima bombing ~ 15 kt Nagasaki bombing ~ 21 kt
58 Intensity How strongly the ground shakes (wave amplitude, acceleration) Depends on: Distance to quake Near-surface geology
59 Intensity How strongly the ground shakes (wave amplitude, acceleration) Depends on: Distance to quake Near-surface geology Varies from place to place Mercalli Scale - I to XII May be determined by observers Can be determined by instruments
60 Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
61 Isoseismals from the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake
62 Intensity and Geology in San Francisco, 1906
63 Intensity and Bedrock Depth in San Francisco, 1906
64 Isoseismal map of the 1994 Northridge, CA earthquake
65
66 Isoseismal map of the 2010 Chilean earthquake
67 Isoseismal map of the 2010 Haitian earthquake
68 Isoseismal map of the 2011 New Zealand earthquake
69 Isoseismal map of the 2011 Japan earthquake
70 Liquefaction
71 Liquefaction
72 Liquefaction
73 Niigata Japan (1964)
74 Formation of a tsunami
75 Formation of a tsunami
76 Formation of a tsunami
77 Formation of a tsunami
78 Formation of a tsunami
79 Tsunami travel times to Honolulu
80 Oblique view of 2004 tsunami
81 Animation of 2004 tsunami
82 Banda Aceh
83 Banda Aceh
84 Liquefaction susceptibility in the San Francisco Bay
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90 Van Norman Dam (1971)
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