Remote Sensing of Illegal Black Sand Mining in the Philippines
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1 Remote Sensing of Illegal Black Sand Mining in the Philippines Sara Kerosky (UCSD) Estelle Chaussard (UCB) CEGA Behavioral Sensing Challenge 2014
2 What is black sand? Blacksand,ormagne0te,isatypeofironore. O8enusedinsteelproduc0on. Highdemandinrapidlydevelopingcountries,suchasChina. NaturallyoccursinriverbedsandonbeachesinthePhilippines. Iron Ore Monthly Price $/Metric Ton Date source:indexmundi.com
3 Black Sand Mining Blacksandextrac0on: Offshore shipsthatsiphonsandfromoceanfloor. Onshore quarrying, ordiggingupsandandloadingontotrucks. River dredging, siphonsandfromriverbed. Sandisprocessedonshipsoratprocessingplantsonland.
4 Black Sand Mining Effectonlocallivelihoods: Erosion;communi0esonthecoast. Disturbslocalmarineecosystem;threattofisheries. Allowssaltwatertopenetratewatertable;freshwaterlesssuitablefor drinkingandagriculture.
5 Black Sand Mining Increasedvulnerabilitytonaturaldisasters: Landsubsidenceanderosion!flooding Climatechange!moreextremeweather
6 Black Sand Mining Illegality: PhilippineMiningAct1995:illegaltominewithin200mofcoastline. Since2006,illegalblacksandmininghasbeenontheriseinLuzon. Localpoli0ciansreceivebribesfromforeignminingfirms. Incumbentpoli0ciansthenusetheserentstobribeci0zensforvotes.
7 Black Sand Mining Illegality: PhilippineMiningAct1995:illegaltominewithin200mofcoastline. Since2006,illegalblacksandmininghasbeenontheriseinLuzon. Localpoli0ciansreceivebribesfromforeignminingfirms. Incumbentpoli0ciansthenusetheserentstobribeci0zensforvotes. Informa0onbasedoninterviewsconductedineachprovince,September2014 Province Number of Bgy with mining Before present Cagayan Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur La Union Pangasinan Zambales 1-2*
8 Project Aims Explorepoten0alforusingremotesensingtomeasurethescopeofillegalblacksandmining anditsenvironmentalimpactsinthephilippines. 1/UseLandsat/GoogleEarthop0calimagestoiden0fyminingsites. 2/UseALOSInSARtoiden0fylandsubsidence. 3/Combiningsubsidencerateandeleva0on,evaluatethe0metopermanentflooding. 4/Verifysitesandminingmethodologies,andcollectlocalelec0onresults.
9 Data and Method Op7cal$(Visible/IR)$satellite$imagery$ a> reflec0vitymap :howwelldifferentcolorsoflightarereflected: dependsonthepropertyofthesurface(wavelengthabsorbed) Data:Landsat(30 60m)freelyavailable(GoogleEarth) RADAR$(microwave)$satellite$imagery$ a>howwellradiowavesreflectandscaeer,determinetherange. Advantages:daynight,notaffectedbyclouds,penetratestrees InSAR$ Measurethephasedifferenceoftworadarimagesofthesamearea $ acquiredatdifferent0mes $ Data:ALOS2007a2011globallyobservingsatelliteLaBand: $ signalunaffectedbyvegeta0on C?Band$interferogram$ $λ$=$5.8$cm L?Band$interferogram$$ λ$=$23$cm
10 InSAR$Time$Series$ Inversionofmanyinterferogramstoextractthedisplacementthrough0me $?>$Averaged$velocity$maps,$remove$atmospheric$noise,$iden7fy$small$amplitude$deforma7on$ $ $ a = Data and Method Why$ InSAR$ 7me$ series$ for$ detec7on$ of$ mining$related$subsidence?$ aremotesensing:nogroundaccess ahighprecisionandhighspa0alcoverage: InSARcanresolvedeforma0onatthesizeofa pixel(10m)butalsocovershundredofkm 2 acanresolvedeforma0onassmallas1cm/yr How$ to$ separate$ mining$ from$ natural$ subsidence$in$insar$ts?$ aeachprocesscausingsubsidenceresultin deforma0onwithcharacteris0cratesextent (natural:largescaleslow/mining:localfast) Mean%velocity%map%
11 1/$Iden7fica7on$of$mining$sites$with$satellite$op7cal$images$$ Before A8er!Iden0fica0onof19illegalblacksandminingsites.
12 1/$Iden7fica7on$of$mining$sites$with$satellite$op7cal$images$$ Miningsitesfromop0calimages
13 2/$InSAR$for$land$subsidence$iden7fica7on$$ a>processingof14alos frameswitheach9a25 acquisi0ons!40to250interferograms pertrack ALOSdata Miningsitesfromop0calimages
14 2/$InSAR$for$land$subsidence$iden7fica7on$$
15 2/$InSAR$for$land$subsidence$iden7fica7on$$ MiningsitesfromInSAR Miningsitesfromop0calimages
16 2/$InSAR$for$land$subsidence$iden7fica7on$$ MiningsitesfromInSAR Miningsitesfromop0calimages
17 2/$InSAR$for$land$subsidence$iden7fica7on$$ MiningsitesfromInSAR Miningsitesfromop0calimages
18 ZoomonsouthArea 1.2 cm/yr 3.5 cm/yr 1.3 cm/yr 2.6 cm/yr
19 ZoomoncenterArea 4.5cm/yr 3.9cm/yr Nosubsidence 4.3cm/yr 4.6cm/yr
20 a Summary$ Op0calimagesenableiden0fica0onofsomeillegalminingsites. a 7miningsiteshavenocoherenceinInSARimages biggestlimita0onofinsar (toomuchchangeinproper0es toorecentdevelopment?toomuchsubsidence?) a 5sitesshownosubsidence:subsidencelikelydependsontheamountofmining/pumpingand0ming. a 13$sites$show$subsidence a 6notoriginallyiden0fiedwithop0calimages! InSARcanfurtherhelpiden0fyareasofhighrisk a Paeern~1000melargerthanminingsite (mining0.05km 2 /subsidence 5a10km 2 ) a Subsidenceupto7cm/yrincoastalarea! Increasesthethreatofflooding Site Subsidence (cm/yr) Adding sea level rise (1.3 cm/yr - NOAA) Elevation above sea level (m) Time before land is below sea level (yrs) Candon Sta Lucia Aringay Dagupan Lingayen Candelaria
21 Next Steps Incorpora0ngelec0onandcensusdata. Furtherevalua0onoflanduseand waterextrac0onnearhighsubsidence sites. DigitalGlobeimagerygrant twohigha resolu0onimagesofonesite. PartnershipwithBigPixelIni0a0ve, magne0teidand/orlanduse classifica0oninhigharesolu0onsatellite data. Fieldexperimentin2015totesteffect ofmonitorsequippedwithsmart phonesandappstoreportillegalmining inreal0me. ALOSa2launched summer2014.
22 Acknowledgements WeareverygratefultotheCenterforEffec0veGlobalAc0on,theIns0tuteof Interna0onalStudies,theDevelopmentImpactLab,andtheBehavioralSensing WorkgroupatUCBerkeleyforsuppor0ngthisproject. AlaskaSatelliteFacilityforprovidingthedataforInSAR. WealsothankMichaelDavidsonforresearchassistanceinthefieldandcon0nued collabora0ononthisproject;cesicruz,erintroland,anducsd shumannature Groupforhelpfulfeedback;FatherAlbertRabe(ISCAPE),SisterLillianCarranza (Caritas),NinoyTabalada(ISCAPE),FatherJaimeJoseandDonnaRabaangPeta (DefendIlocosAgainstMining),andArtAlariao(FEAC)foraccommoda0ngusand providingvaluableinforma0on.
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