Composition of the crust. Ore deposits. Ore distribution. Resources: Mineral resources. Reading: Today: Ch 12 (to p306)
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1 Composition of the crust Resources: Mineral resources Reading: Today: Ch 12 (to p306) QUESTION Ore deposits A rock containing a useful metal in a useable concentration Ore distribution by definition ore is rare Concentration factor = concentration in ore average crustal concentration Fe Al 6% of crust 8% of crust Only need 4-5 times concentration Copper needs 100 times concentration Mercury needs 25,000 times concentration Ease of extraction: relative mineral densities strength of compound bonds The U.S. must import many of the mineral resources it needs. Al: U.S. uses one third of world supply but produces none strategic supply 1
2 Igneous and hydrothermal deposits Igneous rocks Pegmatite: very large crystals up to 10 m Also, kimberlites diamonds Magma chambers Gravitational settling of crystals Hydrothermal resources Chromite layers (black) Black smokers produce rich mineral deposits at 2.5 km depth 2
3 Hydrothermal resources Plate boundary location Both igneous and hydrothermal processes are found at plate boundaries. Therefore this is where most ore deposits are found. Deposits include: copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, uranium and others Also look for paleoplate boundaries. Sedimentary deposits Banded iron formation Placer deposits Minerals are sorted by fluvial processes increasing the concentrations. Evaporites Fossil placer deposits such as this gold deposit 3
4 Supply and demand World production and reserves -4% -19% -22% -15% -6% -13% +8% -20% +25% +6% +9% +4% Change in projected lifetime by 1999 (see Table 12.2 in your textbook) U.S. production and reserves Minerals for the future: Reducing consumption? no way! Compare with updated estimates (Table 12.3 in your textbook) not much change The shorter lifetimes mean the US must rely on imports. Is this a problem? QUESTION and in developing nations 4
5 Minerals for the future: New methods of mineral exploration Can we find more resources? Geophysical methods: Gravity, magnetics, radioactivity Geochemical prospecting: Chemistry of soils Remote sensing: Airborne and satellite imaging Minerals for the future: Marine mineral resources 1. Placer deposits on continental margins The result of reduced sea level during the last ice age Landsat imaging: Sensitive to red and green wavelength, image plants, soils and rock types dry wet Minerals for the future: Marine mineral resources 2. Hydrothermal deposits at mid-ocean ridges Juan de Fuca ridge off Oregon and Washington 3. Manganese nodules Location of nodules International 3 rd Resources Law: U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea Territorial limits were traditionally 3 miles After eight years of negotiation: Territorial waters extended to 12 miles Exclusive Economic Zones extend 200 miles form coast U.S. did not sign the treaty (141 did, 4 did not) U.S. has abided by the treaty Reagan unilaterally claimed the 200 km zone for the U.S. anyway 5
6 Minerals for the future: Recycling Impacts of mining activities Also reduces waste and the need to open new mines Good for recycling: metals used in big pieces, mixed elements, alloys are a problem Some minerals are not recoverable: potash in fertilizer, road salt Mining occurs throughout the U.S. Mining is one of the most dangerous professions: 43 deaths per 100,000 per yr (agriculture and construction are next). Impacts of mining activities: Underground mines Impacts of mining activities: Surface mines Small surface exposure Usually little waste Seal shaft after use Strip mines: Extraction of horizontal layers usually near the surface eg coal mines But, can later collapse Open-pit mines: Extraction of large 3D ore bodies near the surface Subsidence pits above abandoned coal mine Both cause permanent change to topography. Weathering can change the chemistry of ground water. 6
7 Impacts of mining activities: Reclamation 7
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