Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

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1 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) In the search for uraniferous paleo-channels Klaus P. Knupp Uranium Conference October 2009, Swakopmund, Namibia

2 Some GPR Principles Source: Sensors & Software Inc. GPR Signal is sensitive to changes in: electrical conductivity σ dielectric permittivity ε (magnetic permeability μ)

3 GPR Survey Principles Source: Sensors & Software Inc.

4 GPR: Factors to consider Direct Air Wave System Ring down Direct Air Wave Response Source: Sensors & Software Inc. Radar Velocity Calcrete Sources of Noise

5 GPR Survey: Antennas

6 GPR Survey: Antennas Dune Survey

7 GPR Survey: Antennas 25 MHz 50 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz

8 GPR Survey: Antennas for Paleo-channel work 25 MHz Production Rate: 3.5 km/day 12.5 MHz

9 GPR Survey: Namibian Case Studies Trekkopje Langer Heinrich Tumas EPL 3516

10 EPL Pitchstone Exploration Ltd. Terrain: Gypcrete & Calcrete GPR - Acknowledgements: Pitchstone Exploration Ltd.

11 EPL Pitchstone Exploration Ltd. S Pitchstone Exploration Ltd. Horizontal Loop Electromagnetic (HLEM) Test Survey: 50 m coil spacing Line CD - EPL /8/2009 C D N Terrain: Gypcrete & Calcrete DN09-25 DN09-26 DN09-27 DN09-28 HLEM + bedrock Figure 6 Acknowledgements: Pitchstone Exploration Ltd.

12 GPR Survey: Namibian Case Studies Trekkopje Langer Heinrich Tumas EPL 3516

13 Trekkopje Mine Terrain: Gypcrete & Calcrete Acknowledgements: Areva Resources Namibia

14 Trekkopje Mine Trekkopje paleo-channel Terrain: Gypcrete & Calcrete GPR - Acknowledgements: Areva Resources Namibia

15 Trekkopje Mine UranMin (Namibia) Pty Ltd SE Horizontal Loop Electromagnetic (HLEM) Test Survey: 50m coil spacing Line CD - Klein Trekkopje 3/9/2009 C KTPC n Trekkopje paleo-channel 8KTH0062 KTRC 1415 KTRC 0125 KTPC D NW Terrain: Gypcrete & Calcrete HLEM + bedrock Figure 5 Acknowledgements: Areva Resources Namibia

16 GPR Survey: Namibian Case Studies Trekkopje Langer Heinrich Tumas EPL 3516

17 Tumas Project Line Terrain: 1A T u m a s 1B Line 2 Calcrete & Alluvium R i v e r 2A Tumas paleo-channel 2B Locality Map Kilometers Earthmaps Consulting May 2008 WGS84 UTM33S Reptile Uranium Namibia (Pty) Ltd Ground Penetrating Radar Test Survey Legend GPR Test Line 1A-1B GPR Test Line 2A-2B GPR Test Line AB GPR Test Line CD Acknowledgements: Reptile Uranium Namibia (Pty) Ltd

18 Tumas Project Tumas paleo-channel Terrain: Calcrete Paleo-channel GPR + Acknowledgements: Reptile Uranium Namibia (Pty) Ltd

19 Tumas Project Line 2 Tumas paleo-channel Terrain: Calcrete Paleo-channel GPR + Acknowledgements: Reptile Uranium Namibia (Pty) Ltd

20 Tumas Project Line 1 T u m a s 1A 1B Line Terrain: Active River Drainage R i v e r 2A Tumas paleo-channel 2B Locality Map Kilometers Earthmaps Consulting May 2008 WGS84 UTM33S Reptile Uranium Namibia (Pty) Ltd Ground Penetrating Radar Test Survey Legend GPR Test Line 1A-1B GPR Test Line 2A-2B GPR Test Line AB GPR Test Line CD Acknowledgements: Reptile Uranium Namibia (Pty) Ltd

21 Tumas Project Line 1 - S Tumas active drainage Terrain: Active River Drainage GPR + Acknowledgements: Reptile Uranium Namibia (Pty) Ltd

22 Tumas Project Line 1 - N Tumas active drainage Terrain: Active River Drainage GPR + Acknowledgements: Reptile Uranium Namibia (Pty) Ltd

23 GPR Survey: Namibian Case Studies Trekkopje Langer Heinrich Tumas EPL 3516

24 Langer Heinrich Mine Langer Heinrich Mine Terrain: Calcrete & Alluvium Acknowledgements: Langer Heinrich Uranium (Pty) Ltd

25 Langer Heinrich Mine Traverse 1 Langer Heinrich paleo-channel Terrain: Calcrete & Alluvium GPR + - Acknowledgements: Langer Heinrich Uranium (Pty) Ltd

26 Langer Heinrich Mine Traverse 1 Terrain: Langer Heinrich paleo-channel Calcrete & Alluvium HLEM + - faulted bedrock Acknowledgements: Langer Heinrich Uranium (Pty) Ltd

27 Langer Heinrich Mine Langer Heinrich Mine Terrain: Calcrete & Alluvium Acknowledgements: Langer Heinrich Uranium (Pty) Ltd

28 Langer Heinrich Mine Traverse 2 Langer Heinrich paleo-channel Terrain: Calcrete & Alluvium GPR + Acknowledgements: Langer Heinrich Uranium (Pty) Ltd

29 Langer Heinrich Mine Traverse 2 Terrain: Langer Heinrich paleo-channel Calcrete & Alluvium HLEM - Acknowledgements: Langer Heinrich Uranium (Pty) Ltd

30 GPR & HLEM: Comparison Colour Key: Good resolution & penetration Poor resolution & poor penetration Environment Calcrete, Alluvium >10 ohm.m Gypcrete, Calcrete < 10 ohm. m GPR (12.5 MHz) +-2m depth resolution down to m +- 2 m depth resolution down to m HLEM (50m coil) +- 4 m depth resolution to m provided resistivity not > 30 ohm.m +- 4 m depth resolution to m provided resistivity not < 1 ohm.m

31 GPR & HLEM: Comparison GPR HLEM Not effective EPL 3516 Trekkopje Effective Langer Heinrich (Tumas) Resistivity: ohm.m

32 GPR Survey: Namibian Case Study: Results Trekkopje GPR penetration: m in cypcretes GPR penetration: m in calcretised alluvium Langer Heinrich Tumas EPL 3516 Where you penetrate the resolution is hard to beat.

33 GPR: Other Applications Groundwater Table Acknowledgements: Swakop Uranium (Pty) Ltd

34 sea beach GPR: Other Applications Omaruru River Salt Water Vs. Fresh Water Saline water fresh water Interface (Omaruru River Mouth) Acknowledgements: Sam Nujoma Marine and Coastal Research Centre

35 GPR: Other Applications Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Acknowledgements: Knight Piesold (Pty) Ltd

36 GPR: Other Applications Diamondiferous Gravels in Kasai & Longatshimo Rivers (DRC) Acknowledgements: Gem Diamonds Mining Company of Africa

37 GPR: Other Applications Diamondiferous Gravels in Kasai & Longatshimo Rivers (DRC) Acknowledgements: Gem Diamonds Mining Company of Africa

38 GPR: Other Applications Diamondiferous Gravels in Kasai & Longatshimo Rivers (DRC) Gravel bars Acknowledgements: Gem Diamonds Mining Company of Africa

39 GPR: Other Applications K a s a i R i v e r Gravel bars Acknowledgements: Gem Diamonds Mining Company of Africa

40 GPR: Other Applications Diamondiferous Gravels in Kasai & Longatshimo Rivers (DRC) Gravel bar Acknowledgements: Gem Diamonds Mining Company of Africa

41 GPR: Other Applications Boulders Diamondiferous Gravels in Kasai & Longatshimo Rivers Gravel bars (DRC) Acknowledgements: Gem Diamonds Mining Company of Africa

42 Thank You

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