Principles of Applied Geophysics

Transcription

1 Principles of Applied Geophysics Fifth edition D.S. Parasnis Professor emeritus of Applied Geophysics Department of Applied Geophysics, University ofluled, Lulea, Sweden Fellow of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences CHAPMAN & HALL London Weinheim New York Tokyo Melbourne Madras

2 Contents Preface Pages xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Magnetic methods Short history Basic concepts and units Magnetic properties The geomagnetic field Instruments of magnetic surveying Survey layout and field procedure Relative merits of horizontal-, vertical- and total-field measurements Qualitative interpretation of magnetic anomalies Quantitative interpretation Effect of demagnetization Further examples of magnetic investigations 54 Problems Gravitational methods Introduction Gravitational field of the Earth Measurement of gravity: absolute and relative measurements Gravimeters Field procedure Corrections to gravity observations The Bouguer anomaly Density determinations Interpretation Depth determinations Some theoretical aspects of gravity interpretation Determination of total anomalous mass Derivatives of gravity Illustrations of gravity surveys and interpretation 96

3 3.15 Note on marine gravity measurements 100 Problems Electrical methods Introduction Self-potential method Earth resistivity Some practical aspects of resistivity work Vertical electrical sounding Electrical mapping Anisotropic Earth 172 Problems Induced polarization Introduction Measures of induced polarization Origin of induced polarization Response of polarizable bodies Electromagnetic coupling Negative induced polarization Induced polarization soundings for groundwater problems 191 Problems Electromagnetic methods Introduction Electromagnetic induction Elliptic polarization Free-space magnetic fields of low-frequency sources Quasi-static, near and far fields Classification of artificial-source, continuous-wave methods Near-field continuous-wave methods Far-field methods, Interpretation aids in electromagnetic prospecting v Depth penetration Influence of overburden conductivity and current channelling Transient-field methods (time-domain electromagnetism) Influence of magnetic permeability Controlled-source electromagnetic sounding Ground-penetrating radar Natural-field methods Airborne measurements Note on the design of electromagnetic coils 269 Problems Seismic methods Introduction Elastic constants and waves The reflection method 281

4 7.4 The refraction method 329 Problems Radioactivity methods Introduction Theoretical background Radioactivity of rocks Radiation detectors, measurement units and field procedure Radon measurements Radioactive density determinations Airborne radioactivity measurements Outline of well logging in oil fields Introduction Permeable zones Archie's law Permeability-zone logs Resistivity and conductivity logs Porosity logs Auxiliary logs and measurements Basic log interpretation procedure Miscellaneous methods and topics, Borehole magnetometer Mise-d-la-masse method Logging in crystalline rocks and coal fields Geothermal methods Geochemical prospecting Optimum point and line spacing Position location in airborne surveying Composite or integrated surveys Frequency or wavenumber filtering 377 Appendices Appendix 1 The magnetic potential 386 Appendix 2 Magnetized sphere and a magnetic dipole 389 Appendix 3 Magnetic anomaly of a sphere 392 Appendix 4 Measurement of susceptibility and remanence 393 Appendix 5 Magnetic potential of a linear dipole and the anomalies of thin and thick sheets, and of a geological fault 396 Appendix 6 Demagnetization 'factors' for a rectangular parallelepiped 402 Appendix 7 Electric potential 404 Appendix 8 Apparent resistivities for dipole-dipole configurations 405 Appendix 9 Potential of a point current electrode on the surface of a horizontally layered Earth 406 Appendix 10 Homogeneous, anisotropic Earth (derivation of equation (4.76)) 409 Appendix 11 Single-turn loop and other topics in electromagnetic methods 410 Appendix 12 Acoustic impedance 413 Appendix 13 Fourier transforms and convolution 414

5 Answers and hints 419 References 422 Index 431