Groundwater Geophysics

Transcription

1 Groundwater Geophysics A Tool for Hydrogeology Bearbeitet von 2nd ed Buch. xx, 548 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 1094 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Physik, Astronomie > Angewandte Physik > Geophysik schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents 1 Petrophysical properties of permeable and low-permeable rocks Seismic velocities Consolidated rock Unconsolidated rock Clay and till Electrical resistivity Archie s law conductive pore fluid and resistive rock matrix Limitations of Archie s law conducting mineral grains Electric Permittivity (Dielectricity) Conclusions References Seismic methods Wolfgang Rabbel 2.1 Introduction What type of waves is applied in seismic exploration? How can seismic waves image geological structure? How are seismic waves generated and recorded in the field? What kind of seismic measurements can be performed? What kind of hydro-geologically relevant information can be obtained from seismic prospecting? What are the advantages and disadvantages of seismic measurements compared to other methods? How do seismics and other geophysical measurements complement each other? Seismic refraction measurements Targets for seismic refraction measurements Body wave propagation in two-layer media with a plane interface Seismic refraction in laterally heterogeneous two-layer media Consistency criteria of seismic refraction measurements Field layout of seismic refraction measurements Near surface layering conditions and seismic implications.. 46

3 VIII Contents Seismic interpretation approaches for heterogeneous subsurface structures Structural resolution of seismic refraction measurements Seismic reflection imaging Targets for seismic reflection measurements Seismic reflection amplitudes Concepts of seismic reflection measurements Seismic migration Field layout of seismic reflection measurements Problems of near surface reflection seismics Structural resolution of seismic reflection measurements Further reading References Geoelectrical methods Basic principles Kord Ernstson, 3.2 Vertical electrical soundings (VES) Field equipment Field measurements Sounding curve processing Ambiguities of sounding curve interpretation Geological and hydrogeological interpretation Resistivity mapping Square array configuration Mobile electrode arrays Mise-à-la-masse method Self- potential measurements Basic principles of streaming potential measurements Field procedures Data processing and interpretation D measurements Markus Janik, Heinrich Krummel Field equipment Field measurements Data Processing and Interpretation Examples References

4 Contents IX 4 Complex conductivity measurements Frank Börner 4.1 Introduction Complex conductivity and transfer function of water-wet rocks Quantitative interpretation of Complex conductivity measurements Low Frequency conductivity model Complex conductivity measurements Relations between complex electrical parameters and mean parameters of rock state and texture The potential of complex conductivity for environmental applications Organic and inorganic contaminants Monitoring subsurface hydraulic and migration processes Geohydraulic parameters References Electromagnetic methods frequency domain Airborne techniques Bernhard Siemon Introduction Theory Systems Data Processing Presentation Discussion and Recommendations Ground based techniques Slingram and ground conductivity meters VLF, VLF-R, and RMT References The transient electromagnetic method Anders Vest Christiansen, Esben Auken, Kurt Sørensen 6.1 Introduction Historic development Introduction EMMA - ElectroMagnetic Model Analysis Basic theory

5 X Contents Maxwell s equations Schelkunoff potentials The transient response over a layered halfspace The transient response for a halfspace Basic principle and measuring technique Current diffusion patterns Current diffusion and sensitivity, homogeneous halfspace Current densities, layered halfspaces Data curves Late-time apparent resistivity Noise and Resolution Natural background noise Noise and measurements Penetration depth Model errors, equivalence Coupling to man-made conductors Coupling types Handling coupled data Modelling and interpretation Modelling The 1D model Configurations, advantages and drawbacks Airborne TEM Historical background and present airborne TEM systems Special considerations for airborne measurements Field example The SkyTEM system Inversion of SkyTEM data Processing of SkyTEM data The Hundslund Survey Acknowledgements References Ground penetrating radar Norbert Blindow 7.1 Electromagnetic wave propagation Electric permittivity and conductivity Electromagnetic wave propagation Reflection and refraction of plane waves Scattering and diffraction Horizontal and vertical resolution

6 Contents XI Wave paths, traveltimes, and amplitudes Estimation of exploration depth Technical aspects of GPR Overview of system components Antennas and antenna characteristics Electronics Survey practice Processing and interpretation of GPR data General processing steps Examples for GPR profiling and CMP data References Magnetic resonance sounding Ugur Yaramanci, Marian Hertrich 8.1 Introduction NMR-Principles and MRS technique Survey at Waalwijk / The Netherlands Survey at Nauen / Germany with 2D assessment Current developments in MRS References Magnetic, geothermal, and radioactivity methods Kord Ernstson 9.1 Magnetic method Basic principles Magnetic properties of rocks Field equipments and procedures Data evaluation and interpretation Geothermal method The underground temperature field Field procedures Interpretation of temperature data Radioactivity method References Radiomagnetotellurics Bülent Tezkan 10.1 Introduction Basic principles of the RMT method RMT Devices Interpretation of RMT data Case studies

7 XII Contents Contaminated site exploration Waste site exploration References Microgravimetry Gerald Gabriel 11.1 Physical basics Gravimeters Gravity surveys and data processing Preparation and performance of field surveys Data processing Interpretation Direct methods Indirect methods Density estimation Time dependent surveys Acknowledgement References Direct push-technologies Peter Dietrich, Carsten Leven 12.1 Logging tools Geotechnical tools Geophysical tools Hydroprobes Hydrogeochemical tools Miscellaneous other tools Sampling tools Soil sampling tools Soil gas sampling tools Groundwater sampling tools Tomographic applications Permanent installations Conclusions References Vertical flows in groundwater monitoring wells Frank Börner, Susann Berthold 13.1 Forced convective flow Field equipment and procedures Data Processing and interpretation Examples

8 Contents XIII 13.2 Free convective flow Classification of density driven convective transport processes Field equipments and procedures Data processing and interpretation Examples References Further readings Aquifer structures pore aquifers Pore aquifers general Definition Porosity a key parameter for hydrogeology Physical properties of pore aquifers Geophysical survey of pore aquifers Buried valley aquifer systems Helga Wiederhold Introduction Geological and hydrological background Methods Discussion and Conclusion A Large-scale TEM survey of Mors, Denmark F. Jørgensen, P. Sandersen, E. Auken, H. Lykke-Andersen, K. Sørensen Study area the island of Mors Hydrogeological mapping by the use of TEM Data collection and processing Results and discussions Conclusions Groundwater prospection in Central Sinai, Egypt M.A. Mabrouk, N.M.H. Abu Ashour, T.A. Abdallatif, A.A. Abdel Rahman Introduction Geological and hydrogeological aspects Field work and interpretation Groundwater occurrence References

9 XIV Contents 15 Aquifer structures: fracture zones and caves Kord Ernstson, 15.1 Hydraulic importance of fracture zones and caves Geophysical exploration of fracture zones: seismic methods Geophysical exploration of faults and fracture zones: geoelectrical methods Geophysical exploration of fracture zones: GPR Exploration of faults and fracture zones: Geophysical passive methods (self-potential, gravity, magnetic, geothermal and radioactivity methods) Geophysical exploration of caves References Groundwater quality - saltwater intrusions Definition Origin of saltwater intrusions Electrical conductivity of saline water Exploration techniques Field examples Saltwater intrusions in the North Sea region Saline groundwater in the Red Sea Province, Sudan References Geophysical characterisation of aquifers , Ugur Yaramanci 17.1 Definition of hydraulic conductivity and permeability Hydraulic conductivity related to other petrophysical parameter Geophysical assessment of hydraulic conductivity Resistivity Seismic velocities Nuclear resonance decay times Case history: Hydraulic conductivity estimation from SIP data Andreas Hördt 17.5 References Groundwater protection: vulnerability of aquifers General Vulnerability maps

10 Contents XV 18.3 Electrical conductivity related to hydraulic resistance, residence time, and vulnerability Vulnerability maps based on electrical conductivity References Groundwater protection: mapping of contaminations The brownfields problem Mapping of waste deposits Mapping of abandoned industrial sites Mapping of groundwater contaminations Anorganic contaminants Organic contaminants References Index