WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF MOVING CHARGES?

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1 ELECTRICITY

2 WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF MOVING CHARGES?

3 ELECTRICAL CHARGES Most atoms have the same number of protons and electrons. They often lose and gain electrons. When this happens, the atom s charge is no longer neutral. The flow of charges in atoms is what causes electricity. Moving charges are found in electrical in wires. Current- the flow of electrical charges through a material.

4 CONDUCTORS Conductors- material through which an electrical charge can move easily. Have electrons that are not tightly bound to their atoms. The electrons can move in the conductor. Not every material is a conductor and some materials are better conductors than others. Examples of good conductors: metals and graphite. Water is also a weak conductor.

5 RESISTORS AND INSULATORS Resistor- a material that resists the flow of an electrical charge. Turn electrical energy into thermal energy. Toasters toast bread because of resistors. All metals have a little resistance Insulators- such strong resistors that they can stop electrical currents. Examples: rubber, plastic, glass, and dry cotton.

6 SUPERCONDUCTORS Superconductor- when a material has no resistance to electrical current. Many metals and ceramics can become superconductors This happens at super-cold temperatures. Superconductors use less electrical energy, but it is hard to get materials very cold to become superconductors.

7 WHAT ARE SIMPLE CIRCUITS?

8 PARTS OF A CIRCUIT Electric charges can move in a looped path or a circuit. Simple Circuit- contains a source of energy and at least one conductor. It can also include a switch which opens and closes the circuit. Circuits normally have resistors. The source of energy can be a battery. The flow of charges is from the negative (-) to the positive (+) side of the battery.

9 PARTS OF A CIRCUIT CONTINUED Electrical Energy- the energy of moving electric charges within a circuit. The circuit can transfer electrical energy from place to place over hundreds of kilometers. As charges flow in a circuit, some electrical energy always changes to heat energy. Resistors can change electrical energy to other forms of energy. Light bulbs are resistors that change electrical energy to light energy.

10 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS Circuit Diagram- a map of a circuit. Symbols on a circuit diagram stand for each part of the circuit. Electrical measurements may also be in the circuit diagram. Volt- measure of electrical force provided by an energy source. Ohm- the unit of measure for the resistance to electrical current. Ampere (amp)- unit for measuring current.

11 SERIES CIRCUITS Series Circuit- circuits with more than one resistor on a wire. The current must be able to pass through all resistors.

12 WHAT ARE COMPLEX CIRCUITS?

13 PARALLEL CIRCUITS Parallel Circuit- has more than one branch or pathway. Each branch of a parallel circuit may hold several resistors where electrical energy can be put to work. In a parallel circuit, not all branches have to be on at the same time. Switches can control each branch of the circuit independently.

14 ELECTROMAGNETS Electricity and magnetism are closely related. Every electrical current produces a magnetic force. Electromagnets- magnets that carry an electrical current. They are formed by a current flowing through a wire in a circuit. You can make an electromagnet stronger by adding coils, increasing the current, or placing a metal bar inside the coils.

15 ELECTROMAGNET VS. REGULAR MAGNETS An electromagnet can be switched on an off. A regular magnet cannot. The strength of an electromagnet can quickly be changed. A regular magnet cannot. Both types of magnets have a north and south pole. An electromagnet is stronger at the poles and weaker between the poles.

16 WAYS WE USE ELECTROMAGNETS Electromagnets are used in many objects from motors to doorbells to sound systems. In motors, magnets turn on and off which allow motor parts to spin.

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