ITL Public School GEOGRAPHY Ch -1: India -Size and Location Class IX

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1 ITL Public School GEOGRAPHY Ch -1: India -Size and Location Class IX INDIA KNOWN AS A SUB CONTINENT: India and the adjoining countries are considered to be a sub-continent as it comprises of all the characteristics of a continent. While the area of the landmass is smaller than a continent: a) Indian sub-continent encompasses vast areas of diverse landmasses. Indian subcontinent comprises of lofty mountains, fertile plains, desert and plateau. b) There is also great vastness and diversities in terms of climate, natural vegetation, wildlife and other resources. c) Also, the vivid characteristics of culture and tradition among the people make it a subcontinent. LOCATION: 1. It lies in the Northern Hemisphere. 2. The mainland extends North of equator between the latitudes 8 4 N to 37 6 N. 3. India lies to the east of Prime meridian between the longitudes 68 7 E to E. 4. The Tropic of Cancer, N divides the country in two equal parts. 5. Island group of India: Andaman and Nicobar islands in Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in Arabian Sea. SIZE: a. Area of mainland: 3.28 million sq. km. b. Total area: 2.4% of world area c. Seventh largest country in the world (in terms of area) d. Land boundary of India: 15,200 km e. Length of coastline: km (including the islands) f. North-south extent: 3214 km e. East-west extent: 2933 km Name the largest state of India according to the area. (1) 2. What is the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India s mainland? (1) 3. Which most significant imaginary latitude passes through India? (1) 4. Name the smallest and largest states of India. (1) CENTRAL LOCATION OF INDIA: The Indian landmass has the central location between the East and the West Asia. 1. The Trans Indian Ocean routes connect the countries of Europe in the west and the countries of East Asia. 2. The Deccan Peninsula in the Indian Ocean helps to establish close contacts from the western coastal plains and the eastern coastal plains. 3. The long coastline of the country in the Indian Ocean gives it an eminent position which justifies the name of the ocean. Since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, India s distance from Europe has been reduced by 7,000 km. 1. The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great significance. Support your answer with three reasons? (3) Value Points: central location between east and west Asia. trans Indian ocean routes connecting European countries(west) and east Asian countries Deccan peninsula establish contacts with western and eastern coastal plains. long coastline justifies naming of Indian ocean. opening of Suez canal reduced distance to Europe.

2 TIME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GUJARAT AND ARUNACHAL PRADESH: 1. The longitudinal extent of India is 68 7'E and 97 25'E. 2. It results in the longitudinal extent of 30 o between Gujarat and Arunachal Pradesh. 3. So the time lag between eastern and western most longitude is 2hrs. 4. To avoid the confusion 82 o 30 E longitude has been taken as the standard meridian for India. 5. It passes through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh and the time along the standard meridian is taken as a standard time. Question: 1. Give reasons for selecting E for determining Indian standard time. (3) Longitudinal extent: 68 7'E and 97 25'E. difference in the extent between Gujarat and Arunachal Pradesh-30 o Time lag-2hrs To avoid confusion, 82 o 30 E taken as Standard meridian. Passes through Mirzapur,UP. IMPORTANCE OF LAND ROUTE: 1. The various passes across the mountains in the north have provided passages to the travelers when the oceans restricted such an interaction for a long time. 2. These routes have contributed in the exchange of ideas and commodities in the ancient times like the ideas of the Upanishads, Ramayana, The Indian numerals and the decimal system. 3. The spices, muslin and other merchandise were taken from India to different countries. 4. Also, the influence of Greek sculpture, and the architectural styles of domes and minarets can be seen in the different parts of our country. Therefore, we can say that the land routes of India with other countries are older than her maritime routes. Question: 1. 'India holds a strategic position on Indian Ocean'- Support the statement giving few points. (5) passes across mountains provide passage to travelers. exchange of ideas and commodities. ideas of Upanishads, Ramayana, Indian numeral and decimal system. spices, muslin and other merchandise to different countries. influence of Greek sculpture and architectural styles of domes and minarets. DURATIONAL DIFFERENCE AT KANYAKUMARI: 1. Due to the vast latitudinal extent of India, the difference between the duration of day and night is hardly felt at Kanyakumari but not so in Kashmir. 2. The tropic of Cancer divides the country almost into tropical and sub-tropical zone. 3. Since, Kanyakumari lies in the tropical zone, therefore, the duration of day and night is not so felt and Kashmir lying in the sub-tropical zone, we do experience the difference of day and night. Question: 1. How does the latitudinal extent influences the duration of day and night in India? (3) Due to vast latitudinal extent. Tropic of cancer dividing country into tropic and sub tropics. Kanyakumari in tropics so difference not felt. Kashmir is sub tropics so experience difference. NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES: 1. Pakistan and Afghanistan in North-west 2. China (Tibet), Nepal, Bhutan in the North 3. Myanmar and Bangladesh in east

3 ITL Public School Assignment( ) Class: IX Subject: Geography (Chapter-2) Instructions: For 1 mark questions write one line and underline the Key word. For 3 mark question give three points and each points should be framed into one proper sentence or two For five mark questions at least five points are to be there again frame each of these points to be framed in to one proper sentence or two. For each questions value points are given from the content frame the sentences of your own: Highlighted points are value points PLATE TECTONICS: The concept of Plate Tectonics, developed in 1960s explains the origin of continents, oceans and other landforms. Plate is a broad segment of lithosphere that floats on asthenosphere continuously. The concept explains the movement of the crustal plate. Based on the relative movement between two tectonic plates, there are three types of plate boundaries: a. Convergent Boundary b. Divergent Boundary c. Transform Boundary FORMATION OF HIMALAYAS: i) The oldest landmass, (the Peninsula part), was a part of the Gondwana land. The Gondwanaland included India, Australia, South Africa and South America as one single land mass. ii) The convectional currents split the crust into a number of pieces, thus leading to the drifting of the Indo- Australian plate after being separated from the Gondwana land, towards north. iii) The northward drift resulted in the collision of the plate with the much larger Eurasian Plate. Due to this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were accumulated in the geosynclines known as the Tethys were folded to form the mountain system of western Asia and Himalaya. 1. Himalayas are the young fold mountains. Justify the given statement. OR How were the Himalayas formed? convergence of Indo-Australian plate and Eurasian plate. Indian plate started moving towards the Eurasian plate and the Tethys Sea between the two began to contract due to this movement. the lateral compression of the marine sediments in the bed of the Tethys Sea. sediments got folded giving rise to the ranges of Himalayas. 2. Differentiate between Convergent and Divergent Plate Boundaries. CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES plates move closer to each-other coming together may either collide, or may slide under the other. may result into activities like earthquake Formation of Himalayas DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES plates move away from each other plates drift away from each other creating gap between the two. may result into volcanic eruption. Formation of Great Atlantic drift 1

4 3. What do you know about the Gondwana super continent? 4. Name any three some important passes of the Himalayas. MOUNTAIN RANGES: I. HIMADRI It is the northernmost range of Himalayas. Also known as Great Himalayas or Inner Himalayas. It is the most continuous range consisting of very high peaks. Average height of Himadri range is 6000m. Core of the Himadri range is composed of granite. It is covered with snow almost throughout the year and a number of glaciers descend from it. II. HIMACHAL This range lies to the south of Himadri and forms the most rugged mountain system. Also known as Lesser Himalayas. It is mainly composed of highly compressed and altered rocks. Altitude varies between 3700 to 4500m and average width is 50m. Further divided into Pir Panjal range, Mahabharata and Dhauladhar range. Well known for hill stations- Kashmir valley, Kullu valley, Kangra valley. III. SHIWALIKS It is the outermost range of Himalayas. Width extends over 10-50km and altitude m. Composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers. Covered with thick gravel and alluvium. Longitudinal valleys between Himachal and Shiwaliks are found known as Duns. Ex. - Dehradun, Patlidun, Kotlidun. IV. PURVANCHALS Beyond the Dihang gorge, Himalayas bend sharply to the south and spread along the eastern boundary of India known as Purvanchals or Eastern hills. They are mostly composed of strong sandstones which are sedimentary rocks. Forms a natural frontier between India and Myanmar. Covered with dense forest and mostly run as parallel range. It is comprised of Patkai hills, Naga hills, Manipur hills, and Mizo hills. FORMATION OF NORTHERN PLAINS: 1. The Himalayan uplift out of the Tethys sea and subsidence of the northern flank of the peninsular plateau resulted in the formation of a large basin. 2. In due course of time this depression, gradually got filled with deposition of sediments by the rivers flowing from the mountains in the north and the peninsular plateau in the south. 3. A flat land of extensive alluvial deposits led to the formation of the northern plains of India. 1. State the regional classification of the Himalayan Mountains. Punjab Himalayas between river Indus and Satluj. Kumaon Himalayas between river Satluj and Kali. Nepal Himalayas between river Kali and Teesta. Assam Himalayas between river Teesta and Dihang river. 2. Why the Northern Plains are most densely populated areas of the world? flat terrain favourable climate fertile soil presence of rivers 2

5 3. Classify the northern plains on the basis of variation in relief features. Bhabar: a) rivers descending from the mountains b) deposit pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km. c) lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks. Terai: a) streams disappear in this bhabar belt. b) streams and rivers re-emerge c)create a wet, swampy and marshy region known as terai. Bhangar: a) older alluvium. b) They lie above the flood plains of the rivers. c) present a terrace like feature. Khadar- a) newer alluvium b) younger deposits of the flood plains. PENINSULAR PLATEAU: Peninsular Plateau further includes: 1. Central highlands: The part of the peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada River covering a major area of the Malwa plateau is known as the Central Highlands. The Vindhyan range is bounded by the Central Highlands on the south and the Aravali range on the northwest. The flow of the rivers draining this region, namely the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa and Ken is from southwest to northeast, thus indicating the slope. The Central Highlands are wider in the west but narrower in the east. The eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. The Chotanagpur plateau marks the further eastward extension, drained by the Damodar River. 2. Deccan plateau: The Deccan Plateau is a triangular landmass that lies to the south of the river Narmada. The Satpura range is in the north while the Mahadev, the Kaimur hills and the Maikal range form its eastern extensions. The Deccan Plateau is higher in the west and slopes gently eastwards. An extension of the Plateau is also visible in the northeast locally known as the Meghalaya and KarbiAnglong Plateau. iv. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats mark the western and the eastern edges of the Deccan Plateau respectively. WESTERN GHATS 1. Western Ghats mark the western edge of Deccan plateau. 2. They are continuous and can be passed through passes. 3. Western Ghats are comparatively more in height i.e. from m. 4. Western Ghats receive more rainfall due to orographic rainfall. 5. Highest peak of western Ghats is Anai Mudi, followed by Doda Betta. EASTERN GHATS 1. Eastern Ghats mark the eastern boundary of the peninsular plateau. 2. They are dissected and irregular because of the major rivers flowing through them. 3. Height of Eastern Ghats is comparatively less than Western Ghats ranging from m. 4. Rainfall received is comparatively less because the monsoon winds move parallel to the Eastern Ghats. 5. Highest peak of eastern Ghats is Mahendragiri. INDIAN DESERT: a. Indian desert is an undulating sandy plain covered with sand dunes. b. The region receives very low rainfall below 150mm per year. c. The region has arid climate with low vegetation cover. d. Barchans (crescent shaped dunes) and sand dunes cover large area of the desert. e. Luni is the only major seasonal river in this region. 3

6 COASTAL PLAINS: WESTERN COAST: 1. It is sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. 2. It is a narrow plain. 3. Northern part of the coast is called the Konkan while the Southern stretch is called Malabar Coast. EASTERN COAST: 1. It is along the Bay of Bengal. 2. It is wide and level. 3. Northern part of it is referred to as Northern Circar while the Southern part is known as Coromandel Coast. 4. Lake Chilika is an important feature along this coast. 1. Which are the two broad classification of peninsular plateau? Explain. 2. Which landform feature was a part of Gondwanaland? 3. Why is the Deccan trap famous for Cotton crops? ISLANDS: Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1. These island groups are located in Bay of Bengal. 2. They are volcanic in origin. 3. Andaman and Nicobar is a chain of islands 4. These island groups are far away from the mainland. 5. Administrative unit is Port Blair Lakshadweep 1. These islands are located in Arabian Sea. 2. They are formed because of coral deposition. 3. Lakshadweep is a cluster of islands. 4. This island group is closer to the mainland. 5. Administrative unit is Kavaratti. 1. Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhyan ranges? (1) 2. What is a Peninsula? (1) 3. How does land of India displays great physical variation? (5) OR How can you say that the diverse physical features of India makes the country richer in its natural resources? OR The physiographic divisions are complimentary to each other. Justify the statement. The northern mountains are the major source of water and forest wealth. The northern plains provide us with number of agricultural crops. The plateau is the store house of the minerals which is highly important for the industrialization of the country. The coastal region and island groups provide sites for fishing and port activities. Thus, we can say that the diverse physical features of India make the country richer in its natural resources. 4. What are riverine islands? 5. Which island in Lakshadweep has got a bird sanctuary? 4

7 ITL Public School GEOGRAPHY Ch-3: DRAINAGE CLASS IX WATER DIVIDE: Any elevated area such as a mountain or an upland that separates two drainage basins is called a Water Divide. Ex. Ambala act as a water divide between Indus and Ganga River System. HIMALAYAN AND PENINSULAR RIVERS: HIMALAYAN RIVER SYSTEM 1. The Himalayan rivers originate glaciers 2. Most of the Himalayan rivers are perennial in nature, i.e., both rain fed and snow fed. 3. Himalayan rivers have longer course and carry more sediments in them. 4. These rivers are involved more in doing erosional and depositional activities. 5. They form many land features like valleys, gorges, meanders, ox-bow lake, delta etc. 6. These rivers have got comparatively larger drainage basin. 7. Ex. Indus river system, Brahmaputra river system, Ganga river system PENINSULAR RIVER SYSTEM 1. The Peninsular rivers have their source in plateaus. 2. Most of the peninsular rivers are seasonal in nature i.e. only rain fed. 3. Peninsular rivers have shorter course and carry less sediments in them. 4. These rivers are involved less in the erosional and depositional activities. 5. Most of the rivers form only deltas. 6. The drainage basin formed by these rivers is small. 7. Ex. Mahanadi basin, Godavari basin, Tapi basin etc. 1. Define the term water divide. Give an example. (1) 2. Discuss the significant difference between the Himalayan and the Peninsular Rivers. (5) HIMALAYAN RIVERS PENINSULAR RIVERS origin from glaciers. source in plateaus perennial in nature- rain and snow fed seasonal in nature- only rain fed more erosional and depositional activities less erosional and depositional activities form features like valleys, gorges, form features like deltas meanders, ox-bow lakes,etc. larger drainage basin smaller drainage basin Ex: Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra Ex: Mahanadi, Godavari, tapi DRAINAGE PATTERN: a. DENDRITIC PATTERN The dendritic pattern develops where the river channel follows the slope of the terrain. The stream along with its tributaries resembles the branches of a tree, thus the name dendritic. Ex. River Ganga along with its tributaries. b.trellis PATTERN A river joined by its tributaries at approximately right angles develops a trellis pattern. It is develop where hard and soft rocks are parallel to each-other. Ex. River Narmada along with its tributaries. c.rectangular PATTERN A rectangular pattern is developed on a strongly jointed rocky terrain. d.radial PATTERN The radial pattern develops when streams flow in different directions from a central peak or dome like structure. Ex. Rivers like Narmada and Tapi rising from the highlands of the peninsular plateau.

8 Value Points: Dendritic- resembles the branches of a tree. Ex: Ganga and its tributaries. Trellis- joins main river at right angles. Ex: Narmada and its tributaries. Rectangular- rectangular formation. Radial- streams flowing from central peak. Ex: Narmada and its tributaries, Tapi and its tributaries. RIVER SYSTEMS: INDUS RIVER SYSTEM: Source: Near Mansarovar Lake, in Tibet. Course: From Tibet, river flows towards west and enters India through Ladakh district (J&K). In Kashmir valley, river flows through Baltistan and Gilgit and emerges at Attock Mountain, Enters Pakistan and flows southwards towards Arabian Sea. Length: 2900km Tributaries: a) In Jammu and Kashmir Shyok, Hunza, Zaskar and Nubra. b) Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum meet Indus near Mithankot in Pakistan. Mouth: Forms a delta to the east of Karachi in Pakistan Indus water treaty: a. The Indus Water Treaty was signed between India and Pakistan in b. According to the regulations of this treaty India can use only 20% of the total water carried by Indus system. c. This water is used for irrigation in the Punjab, Haryana and the southern and western parts of Rajasthan. GANGA RIVER SYSTEM: Source: Headwaters Bhagirathi from Gangotri glacier meets with Alaknanda at Dev Prayag in Uttarakhand to form river Ganga. Course: From Dev Prayag the river flows in the rugged mountainous region and enter the plains at Haridwar. Crossing the states like Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal the river enters Bangladesh. At Farakka in West Bengal, The River divides itself into distributaries like Hooghly. From here, the river moves southward to form the delta towards Bay of Bengal. Tributaries: a) Left bank tributaries: Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi rising from Nepal Himalayas. b) Right bank tributaries: Yamuna is the largest tributary. Son, a peninsular river is also a right bank tributary. Sind, Chambal, Betwa are the tributaries of Yamuna and therefore, becomes a part of Ganga river system. Length: Over 2500km. Mouth: Meets with Brahmaputra in Bangladesh and forms the largest delta of the world known as Sundarban Delta (Bay of Bengal) BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER SYSTEM: Source: East of Mansarovar Lake in Tibet. Course: It flows eastward parallel to Himalayas in the Tibet. On reaching Namcha Barwa, it takes a U turn and enters India through a gorge in Arunachal Pradesh. The river moves forward towards Assam and enters Bangladesh to form the delta with Ganga. Length: Over 2900km. Tributaries: Dihang, Lohit, Kenula, etc. Mouth: Meets with Ganga in Bangladesh and forms the largest delta of the world known as Sundarban Delta (Bay of Bengal) NARMADA RIVER SYSTEM: Source: From Amarkantak hills in Madhya Pradesh. Course: The River flows towards the west in a rift valley. Near Jabalpur, the river flows through a deep gorge. Narmada basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

9 Mouth: Forms an estuary while entering into the Arabian Sea. Tributaries: All the tributaries of Narmada are very short and join the main stream at right angle. GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM: (Also known as Dakshin Ganga) Source: Rises from slopes of the Western Ghats in Nasik district of Maharashtra. Course: Godavari has the largest drainage basin among the peninsular rivers. It covers Maharashtra (50%), Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and Andhra Pradesh. Length: 1500km (largest peninsular river) Tributaries: Purna, Wardha, Penganga, Wainganga etc. Mouth: Forms a delta while entering into Bay of Bengal. KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM: Source: Rises from a spring near Mahabaleashwar in Maharashtra. Course: The drainage basin of river Krishna is shared by Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Length: About 1400km Tributaries: Tungabhadra, Bhima, Musi, Koyana etc. Mouth: Forms a delta while entering into Bay of Bengal KAVERI RIVER SYSTEM: Source: Rises in Brahmagri range of Western Ghats. Course: Its basin drains parts of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Length: About 760km. Tributaries: Amravati, Bhavani, Hemavati, And Kabini. Mouth: Forms a delta while entering into Bay of Bengal to the south of Cuddalore. MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM: Source: Rises in the highlands of Chhattisgarh. Course: The drainage basin of river Mahanadi is shared by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa Length: About 860km Mouth: Forms a delta while entering into Bay of Bengal. TAPI RIVER SYSTEM: Source: Rises in Satpura range, Betul district of Meghalaya. Course: It also flows in a rift valley, parallel to Narmada. Its basin covers parts Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. Length: Shorter than Narmada Mouth: Forms an estuary while entering into the Arabian Sea 1. Name the two head streams of Ganga.(1) 2. Why are the peninsular rivers not navigable? (1) 3. Write any three salient features of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta. (3) 4. What are the features of river Narmada? (5) Value Points: Source: Amarkantak hills, MP Course: flows towards the west in a rift valley Drainage basin: parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Tributaries: short, join the river at right angles. Mouth: forms estuary, joins Arabian sea. 5. Describe some specific characteristics of Ganga River system. (5) Source: Bhagirathi from Gangotri glacier meets Alaknanda at Dev Prayag. Course: enters the plains at Haridwar, flows through Uttrakhand, UP, Bihar and West Bengal enters Bangladesh.

10 Tributaries: Left bank: Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi, Right bank: Yamuna, Sind, Chambal, Betwa, Son. Length: 2500km Mouth: Meets Brahmaputra in Bangladesh, makes sunderbans delta and joins Bay of Bengal. DELTA 1. A delta is formed by the river when it is about to enter the sea by forming various distributaries 2. It is roughly triangular in shape. 3. The delta region is highly fertile because of the sediment deposition 4. Agriculture can be practiced here 5. Ex. River Ganga, Indus, Godavari, Mahanadi forms delta ESTUARY 1. When the river directly enters the sea it forms an estuary. 2. It is a funnel shaped land feature 3. The region near estuary is not very fertile. 4. Estuary regions are good for fishing activities 5. Ex. Narmada and Tapi forms estuary. IMPORTANCE OF LAKES: a. Regulate the flow of river- Lakes help to regulate the flow of a river. During heavy rainfall, it prevents flooding and during the dry season, it helps to maintain an even flow of water. b. Generation of Hydel Power- Damming of rivers is done in order to store the water for the generation of Hydro electricity. Ex. Hirakud dam on Mahanadi River. c. Promote Tourism- Lakes are always an attraction for tourists for recreation. Lakes enhance the natural beauty of the adjoining area and hence, promote tourism. Ex. Wular Lake, Dal Lake in Jammu & Kashmir. d. Moderate Climate Lakes also help in moderating the climate of the adjoining area that supports ecosystem within the lake and also outside the lake. e. Source of rivers many lakes are also the major source for many rivers. Ex. Indus, Satluj, Brahmaputra have their source in the Mansarovar lake. Question: 1. Mention any five features as to why are lakes of great value to human beings? (5) Regulate flow of river Generation of hydel power Promote tourism Moderate climate major source of many rivers. CAUSES OF RIVER POLLUTION: a. Industrial Effluents: A heavy load of untreated sewage and industrial effluents are emptied into the rivers. This affects the quality of water and also the self cleansing capacity of the river. b. Urbanization: Modern trends of living consume more water. Moreover, the sewage problems in cities have further added to the problem of water pollution. c. Domestic Use: The use of rivers and lakes done for domestic purposes like washing and bathing is adding to the problem of water pollution. Question: 1. What is an estuary? (1) 2. Describe the role of rivers in the economy. (5) untreated sewage and industrial effluents emptied in rivers. Increasing population leads to increasing demands water used for domestic purposes.