6. Status of mining at the site, if any, along with photographs from all the four Attached with report Page No. 38 in the report

Transcription

1 Essential detail sought: 1. Final District Survey Report for minor mineral, which should be the basis of application for EC, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects attached as Enclosure - I 2. Copy of final survey report with documentary evidence of its approval /finalization as Enclosure - II 3. The declaration about Environmental Consultant engaged and who have prepared EIA/EMP report needs to be made. The Consultant has to be NABET approved as per Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change, New Delhi & CC notification dated and necessary proof in this regard is required to be attached as Enclosure - III 4. EMP has been prepared and certified by RQP under Mineral Rules, whereas it is required to be prepared & certified by NABET/NEFT approved Environment Consultant as attached as Enclosure - IV 5. All documents as per checklist with proper index should be attached in the report. CHECK LIST FOR CATEGORY B-2 SAND MINING PROJECTS AS ON FALLING IN THE COMPETENCY OF SEIAA Submitted with EIA report 1. Properly filled Form-1 and pre-feasibility report Form I -page no.5-19 PFR Page No Proof of ownership of land such as copy of latest jamabandi Complied with the report Page No Mining Plan duly approved by the State Geologist 4. NOC from concerned DFO regarding forest land 5. Exact distance of proposed mining site from nearest Wildlife Sanctuary and in case site falls within 10 kms radius of Wildlife Sanctuary, a copy of acknowledgement along with complete set of application submitted online for obtaining NBWL permission be submitted. Complied with the report Page No Complied with the report, page No DFO letter is attached in report stated that there is no Wildlife Sanctuary exists within 10 kms radius from the periphery of the proposed project, page No Status of mining at the site, if any, along with photographs from all the four Attached with report sides. Page No. 38 in the report meter radius map of the area from periphery of project site clearly indicating Attached as Enclosure V the physical features. with EDS Reply

2 8. Mining lay out plan showing key distances of the mining site from the various features Attached with EIA report such river bank, active channels, bundh and other structures in the vicinity, if any, drawn on portion of 'Aks Sajra' of the mining site, so as to ensure that minimum statutory Page No. 113 distances are maintained. The route map to be followed should also be marked on the layout plan. 9. Final District Survey Report for minor mineral, which should be the basis of application for EC, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. Attached as Enclosure I & II with EDS Reply 10. An undertaking to the effect that: Undertaking letter already attached with report (i) No other mining site falls within a radius of 500 m from the periphery of proposed site to whom either environmental clearance has already been Page No. 114 granted by SEIAA or MoEF or application has been submitted for obtaining environmental clearance with SEIAA/DEIAA/ MoEF&CC. (ii) In case any new mining site comes at any stage in future within a radius of 500 m of the above said site, the same will be informed to the SEIAA/DEIAA/MoEF&CC, immediately. (iii) (iv) Mining site is not located in stream as per the actual layout plan enclosed herewith and no in stream mining is involved. Mining will be carried out by manual opencast method by hand tools without use of drilling, blasting and JCB or any other mechanized means. All the stipulations provided in the OM dated issued by Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change will be complied with in true letter & spirit. 11. The declaration about Environmental Consultant engaged and who have prepared Attached as Enclosure III EIA/EMP report needs to be made. The Consultant has to be NABET approved as per with EDS Reply MoEF&CC notification dated and necessary proof in this regard is required to be attached. 12. Environmental Management Plan indicating the following: Attached with EIA report Page No a) Plan to follow the sustainable sand and gravel mining guidelines, 2016 issued by Complied in EMP Report MoEF&CC Page No b) All mitigation measures for each item-wise activity to be undertaken during the Complied in EMP Report construction, operation and the entire life cycle to minimize adverse environmental impacts as a result of the activities of the project. Page No c) Compliance of various environmental regulations. Complied in EMP Report Page No

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4 d) Steps to be taken in case of emergency such as accidents at the site including fire. e) For how long period the project proponent will be responsible for implementation of EMP and the name of the person(s) responsible for implementation of EMP. d) Capital & recurring cost for the EMP per year and the details of funds for the same. Not applicable Project proponent shall be responsible for implementation of EMP till the validity of EC. Sr. No. Description Cost (5 Year) in Rs. Recurring Cost per Year in Rs. 1 Environnemental 2, 50,000 50,000 protection (Management of Haulage Roads including Sprinkling, Tractor trolley with sprinkler 2 Environnemental 1, 90,000 38,000 Monitoring (Air, Water, Soil) etc 3 Plantation 60,000 12,000 4 Occupational Health 1, 95,000 39,000 Measures Provision of PPE, First Aid and other miscellaneous TOTAL 6,95,000 1,39,000 Total Capital Cost for EMP in 5 Year- Rs 6,95,000 Recurring cost per Year for EMP- Rs 1,39,000 f) Name of the individual persons / organization, Project proponent shall be responsible for implementation of who will be responsible for implementation of EMP till the validity of EC EMP after the lapse of the period for which the project proponent is responsible.

5 13. Whether the periphery of any other area of Details given in Mining officer letter borrowing/excavation falls Within a radius of Report Page No m from the periphery of this area borrowing/excavation or not? If yes, how much is the total area of all such Borrowing/excavation sites? The project proponent shall submit an undertaking to the effect that the total area of all borrowing/excavation sites including the area of proposed project within a radius of 500 m from the proposed area of borrowing / excavation is less than 5 hectares. 14. Mining sites located more than 1 km apart are to be considered as different block/cluster and are required to obtain separate environmental clearance under EIA notification dated attached with the Mining officer letter attached with the report Page No Complete transportation plan giving detailed Integrated Mining and Minerals Management System (I3MS procedure to be followed as per requirements of software) is under process to implement soon by Govt. of appendix-xii of the MoEF&CC notification dated Punjab. To stop illegal mining attached as enclosure VI with EDS Reply 16. Status verification with regard to legal notice Not applicable received/court case pending, if any.

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7 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT DISTRICT LUDHIANA PUNJAB Prepared By: General Manager-cum-Mining Officer District Industries Centre Ludhiana. Ph Page 1 of 78

8 INDEX District Survey Report in respect of Minor Mineral Quarries/Deposits of District Ludhiana, Punjab. Contents: Page No. 1. INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN DISTRICT LIST OF MINING LEASES IN DISTRICT LUDHIANA WITH LOCATION, AREA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS DETAIL OF PRODUCTION OF SAND OR BAJARI OR MINOR MINERAL IN LAST THREE YEARS PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF DISTRICT LUDHIANA GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT: FOREST, AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, MINING ETC PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH METHODOLOGY AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES METHOD FOR CALCULATION OF RESERVES & DETAIL OF SATLUJ RIVER IN LUDHIANA DISTRICT: THE LIST OF MINING LEASES GRANTED IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION,AREA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY LIST OF NEW IDENTIFIED MINING SITES IN DISTRICT LUDHIANA Page 2 of 78

9 1. INTRODUCTION (i) Origin of the name of the District :- Ludhiana city was founded in the time of Lodhi dynasty which ruled in Delhi from A.D. The legend goes that two Lodhi chiefs, Yusaf Khan and Nihang Khan were deputed by Sikandar Lodhi ( A.D.) to restore order in this region. They camped at the site of present city of Ludhiana which was then a village called Mir Hota. Yusaf Khan went across the river Sutlej in Jalandhar Doab to check Khokhars who were plundering the Doab and made a settlement at Sultanpur while Nihang Khan stayed back and founded the present city at the site of village Mir Hota. The new town was originally known as Lodhi-ana, which means the town of Lodhi s. The name later changed to the present name Ludhiana. (ii) Location, General boundary of the District :- Ludhiana is the most industrially developed districts of Punjab and falls in the Patiala Division. It lies between , north latitudes and and east longitudes. It is bounded on the north by the river Satluj, which separates it from Jalandhar District. The river also forms the boundary between Ludhiana, S.B.S.Nagar and Hoshiarpur Districts. To the east, the district adjoins Ropar District and Chandigarh Union Territory and to the west Moga District while to the south and south east it is bounded by Sangrur and Patiala Districts respectively. The district is almost a rectangle having a length along the Satluj of nearly 96 kms, while its breadth,north and south, is about 39 kms. The district is divided in to seven subdivision-namely Samrala,Ludhiana East, Ludhiana West, Raikot, Payal,Jagraon and Khanna. Besides lying on the Grand Trunk Road 307 kilometres from Ferozepore, Ludhiana is an important junction on the Northern Railway, from which the Ludhiana- Dhuri- Jakhal and Ludhiana Ferozepore railway Ludhiana take off. All important places in the district are interlinked by rail or road. Page 3 of 78

10 iii) Total area and population of the District :- The total area of the district is about 3,614,44 square kilometres comprising tahsil Samrala 873 square kilometres, tahsil Jagraon 1, square kilometres, and tahsil Ludhiana 1, square kilometres (including sub tahsil Payal, square kilometres) An official Census 2011 detail of Ludhiana, a district of Punjab has been released by Directorate of Census Operations in Punjab. Enumeration of key persons was also done by census officials in Ludhiana District of Punjab. In 2011, Ludhiana had population of 3,498,739 of which male and female were 1,867,816 and 1,630,923 respectively. In 2001 census, Ludhiana had a population of 3,032,831 of which males were 1,662,716 and remaining 1,370,115 were females. Ludhiana District population constituted percent of total Maharashtra population. In 2001 census, this figure for Ludhiana District was at percent of Maharashtra population. There was change of percent in the population compared to population as per In the previous census of India 2001, Ludhiana District recorded increase of percent to its population compared to Page 4 of 78

11 2. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN DISTRICT LUDHIANA The District Ludhiana is situated entirely on alluvials of river Satluj. The area is entirely covered with alluvial deposits which comprises of clay and sand. The presence of minor mineral are suitable for mining. Mining of sand/gravel is being done since long time therefore no specific method of exploration is required as the sand, deposited all along the bed is very well exposed on surface moreover, the excavated minerals are accumulated/replenished every year during rainy season by flow of water depending on intensity of rains on the upstream side. Adequate quantity of sand in reserved is available for meeting consumer demand. In district Ludhiana,10 quarries of sand namely Parjian Biharipur, Majara Kalan,Rajapur, Fatehpur Gujjran, Miani, Jodhwal, Dupana, Sikanderpur, Kum Kalan and Kanian Hussaini are working and another3 are about to start operations. There are 305 brick kilns that are working in district and sufficient amount of brick earth is available in district. Page 5 of 78

12 3. THE LIST OF MINING LEASES IN DISTRICT LUDHIANA WITH LOCATION, AREA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY THE LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY. SR. NO. SITE NAME & Location DISTRICT AREA Acre/Hectare VALIDITY of Agreement 1 Bhaini Gahi Ludhiana /12/2011 to 2 Kum Kalan Ludhiana /12/2011 to 3 Ghumait Ludhiana /12/2011 to 4 Miani Ludhiana /12/2011 to 5 Gujjarwal Bet Ludhiana /12/2011 to 6 Kishanpura Ludhiana /12/2011 to Urf Kum Khurd 7 Sheriya Ludhiana /12/2011 to 8 Chaunta Ludhiana /12/2011 to 9 Bounkar Gujjaran Ludhiana /12/2011 to 10 Hambran Ludhiana /12/2011 to 11 Patti Multani Ludhiana /12/2011 to 12 Gorsian Khan Moh. Ludhiana /12/2011 to 13 Kania Husaini Ludhiana /12/2011 to 14 Burj Pawat Ludhiana /12/2011 to 15 Rattipur Ludhiana /12/2011 to 16 Bairsal Khurd Ludhiana /12/2011 to Page 6 of 78

13 17 Jodhwal Ludhiana /12/2011 to 18 Mand Jodhwal Ludhiana /12/2011 to 19 Rajewal Jattan Ludhiana /12/2011 to 20 Mand Udhowal Ludhiana /12/2011 to 21 Sansowal Kalan Ludhiana /12/2011 to 22 Musafarwal Ludhiana /12/2011 to 23 Udhowal Khurd Ludhiana /12/2011 to 24 Rour Majri Ludhiana /12/2011 to 25 Sikandar Pur Ludhiana /12/2011 to 26 Lubangarh Mand Ludhiana /12/2011 to 27 Dupana Ludhiana /12/2011 to 28 Chaki Kasib Ludhiana /12/2011 to 29 Kutbewal Gujran Ludhiana /12/2011 to 30 Bagga Khurd Ludhiana /12/2011 to 31 Talwara Ludhiana /12/2011 to 32 Fatehgarh Gujran Ludhiana /12/2011 to 33 Majara Kalan Ludhiana /12/2011 to 34 Rajapur Ludhiana /12/2011 to 35 Parjian Biharipur Ludhiana to Koom Kalan Ludhiana 14 Acording to EC to Page 7 of 78

14 37 Miani Ludhiana 13 Acording to EC to Gujjarwal Bet Ludhiana 35 Acording to EC to Mand Chaunta Ludhiana 32 Acording to EC to Pawat Ludhiana 33 Acording to EC to Parjian Biharipur Ludhiana Acording to EC to Miani Ludhiana 14 Acording to EC to Pawat Ludhiana 29 Acording to EC to Data provided by M.O. Page 8 of 78

15 4. DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS MINOR MINERALS NAME OF MINERALS SAND GRAVEL NIL NIL NIL Data provided by M.O. Page 9 of 78

16 5. DETAIL OF PRODUCTION OF SAND OR BAJARI OR MINOR MINERAL IN LAST THREE YEARS MINOR MINERALS NAME OF MINERALS SAND M.T M.T M.T. GRAVEL NIL NIL NIL Data provided by M.O. Page 10 of 78

17 6. PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF DISTRICT LUDHIANA Satluj is one of the major river of Indus systems. It originates at Mansarovar, Tibet and enters in India near Namigia. It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab states of India. Near the Nangal Town, Satluj enters the Anandpur Dun, a valley/plain area between the Siwalik and the outer range of the Himalayas. This valley runs from Nangal in the North to Kakrala village in the South over a distance of about 50 km (31 miles) and has an average width of 10 km (6 miles). With elevations ranging between 366m (1200 ft) and 278m (900ft) above MSL, it has a North- South gradient of2 m per km (10.6ft per miles). The river flows along the valley's longer axis finally to leave it near Ropar. The Soan Nadi joins the Satluj in the upper sections of this valley from the North- West and the Sirsa Nadi merges with it in the Southern part of the valley left bank (Eastern bank). Due to its general gradient, the Satluj along with its tributaries runs through a braided course. Elongated strips of land between the river and the peripheral hills have a general slope towards the Satluj. These parts of Dun are traveled by a large number of seasonal torrents, locally called Khads, which descend quickly from the neighboring hills. Some of the important streams, which contribute their flow to the Satluj on its way to Ropar are Donala Khad, Dabawali Khad, Charan Ganga Khad, Lohand Khad and Kundlu Ki Khad. Some small flashy streams also outfall in the Satluj from the right-bank above Ropar. After flowing sluggishly through Anandpur Dun, the Satluj debauches from the Shiwaliks just above Ropar, and emerges on to the plains of Punjab. There used to be a weir at Ropar with falling shutters and under- sluices for the diversion of water into Sirhind canal. This was later replaced with a barrage as a component of the Bhakra- Nangal Project in fifties. Another canal, named as Bist Doab canal, takes off from the right-bank of the river. Several natural streams and man- made drains join the Satluj between Ropar and Ferozepur. There is a group of streams below Ropar, 17 which flow in a NE- SW direction Siswan Nadi is another important seasonal stream, which initially flows NE to SW, but gradually turns NW to merge with the Satluj near Khizarpur village after traversing a distance of over 40 km over the plains. Page 11 of 78

18 Immediately under the high bank along the old course of the Satluj, runs a perennial stream called Budha Nala, which rises at Chamkaur in Ropar district. It enters Ludhiana district near Bahlolpur. Passing just below the town of Ludhiana, it flows into the Satluj in Tehsil Jagraon, a few km east of the Ludhiana Moga district boundary. East Beas and West Beas merge with the Satluj from the right bank, upstream of its confluence with the Beas, which joins the Satluj at Harike. A number of surface drains have been constructed to facilitate drainage of the catchments in the plains. These outfall in the Satluj and contribute to its discharge during the rainy season of July September. After Nangal Dam (Punjab), Satluj enters in plains. The land through which the Satluj flows, is alluvial in nature. The inundation spreads over low lands on both sides during high stages of the river, i.e., medium and high floods. The river courses were very unstable and were subject to constant shifting. On an average, the width of the flood plains was in the range of 7 to 8 km (W APCOS, 1996). A heavy flood occurred in the year The heavy rainfall downstream of Bhakra dam had resulted in locally generated floods. Releases from Bhakra with local floods resulted in acute flooding in the downstream areas. Like all Punjab rivers, the Satluj constantly shifts its course. During the twenty years (1882 to 1903) it has moved b~ about 1.6 km. at several points in the Ludhiana and Samrala Tehsils and about a unit towards the North in Jagraon Tehsil (WAPCOS, 1996). The Satluj flows along the district boundary with Jalandhar district for some 98 km (60 miles). As it leaves Jagraon Tehsil, it turns slightly to the north towards its impending junction with the Beas. When the discharge is at its lowest in the middle of the winter, the river is very shallow. The width of the main stream seldom exceeds 150 meters and the depth is about I to 1.5 m. When in flood, it used to spread 3 to 5 km wide over the country. Even where confined to its narrowest by the Phillaur Bridge works, its width is about 1.6 km. The opening of the Sirhind canal has considerably reduced the volume of water in the river except during flood. The main physical divisions of the district are a low-lying alluvial tract along the river, called Bet, and the uplands called Dhaia. About 120 years ago it is said to have flowed just under the ridge which separates the Dhaia from the Bet. The old towns and villages of Bahlolpur, Machhiwara, Kum etc. were built on its banks. The division between uplands and low lands is distinctly marked everywhere by the ridge or high bank. The bet lies Page 12 of 78

19 between the high bank and the present bed of the river. In the east of the district the river and the high bank are 5 to 10 km apart, and this is the width of the Bet for the first 48 km (30 miles. A perusal of various studies conducted at different time on river Satluj revealed that erosion from this river varied from 0.46 KM to 1 KM whereas the deposition varied from 0.5KM to 1.2 KM. So there is the balance of sedimentation deposit in the river every year and extraction of sand /silt will never lead to over exploitation of mineral deposits. Page 13 of 78

20 7. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT Ludhiana is the most advanced agricultural district and plays an important role in directing the shape of Punjab agriculture. The total geopraphical area of the district is 3767 sq km. The District has 3 lakh ha of net area sown, almost 100% is double cropped, and some area is even put to 3 crops a year. All is irrigated, mostly by tubewells. The water table is going down at an alarming rate in Ludhiana district and even more seriously around the Ludhiana city blocks. There are operational holdings of whom, 1/3rd are the small and marginal ones of less than 2 ha. It has the distinction of having the agricultural universities of the state (PAU and GADVASU). It is the central district of the state and farmers from all over the state follow Ludhiana so far as adoption of new technology in agriculture is concerned. Ludhiana district achieved the national productivity award for the year General census Table: Block wise Demographic Information of the District S. No. Name Block Population of Literacy (2001 (%) Census) Male (No.) Female (No.) Workers (No.) Caste (No) Agri. Non. Agri SC Gen. 1 Ludhiana I Ludhiana II Machiwara Samrala Khanna Doraha Dehlon Pakhowal Sudhar Jagraon Sidhwan Bet Total Page 14 of 78

21 Table : Block wise Information of Area and Number of Village S. No. Name of the Block Geographical Area (ha) Cultivated (ha) AreaNumber Villages 1. Ludhiana I Ludhiana II Machiwara Samrala Khanna Doraha Dehlon Pakhowal Sudhar Jagraon Sidhwan Bet Total of Page 15 of 78

22 AES: Agro-Ecological Situation On account of ecology, district can be divided in to four zones. A brief information about each Agro- Ecological Situation is given as under:- AES-I: It Comprises of the blocks of Sidhwan Bet, Ludhiana II, Machhiwara, These have a geographical area of hectare (34.9%), out of which hectare is under cultivation. It is a flood prone area with medium to heavy normal soil and good quality underground water. This AES is river bed area of Sutlej River. AES-II: It is district which is comprised of blocks Jagraon (N), Ludhiana 1, Samrala. It has light to medium quality soil and good quality underground water. Main feature of this AES is that the soils were formed by the alluvium deposited by the river Sutlej from the total geographical area of hectare (19.8%), hectare area is Under cultivation. AES-III: This AES consists of blocks Dehlon, Doraha, Sudhar. These have a geographical area of hectare (24.1%) under them, out of which hectare area is under cultivation. The soil of this AES is medium to heavy. Underground water in this AES is of good quality. AES-1V: This AES consists of blocks Jagraon (S), Pakhowal, Khanna, Sudhar. Some of this area was under sand dunes. Those have been reclaimed. Patches of sodic soils existed in the past but those have been reclaimed now. These have a geographical area of hectare (21.2%) under them, out of which hectare area is under cultivation. Page 16 of 78

23 Table: Representative Villages and Blocks under Various Agro-Ecological Situations Name of the Region River Bed (Bet) Area Agro- Ecological Situation AES-1 Name Blocks Sidhwan Bet Ludhiana II Machhiwara Mand Area AES-II Jagraon (N) Ludhiana, Samrala Canal command Reclaimed Sand dunes of AES-III Dehlon Doraha Sudhar AES-IV Jagraon (S) Pakhowal Khanna Sudhar(P) Representative Villages Jandi, Walipur Kalan, Gorsian Hakam Rai, Kutbewal, Nurpur Bet, Bhattian Jhande, Kaind, Sekhupura, Seh,Dhillwan Dhode, Lehra, Sudhar, Ghaloti, Landa Ghumana Mipur Hans, Rachhin, Kaille, Rajgarh, Karodian, Malakpur Remarks Flood prone Area, Alluvial soils, Good underground water high watertable Light to medium soils Good underground water Canal irrigated, Well drained soils Light to medium soils, good quality underground water Page 17 of 78

24 (b) TOPOGRAPHY Ludhiana district is centrally located in the Punjab plain region. The Punjab plain is the product of the depositional work of the rivers Satluj, Beas and Ravi. This plain is marked for its flatness and featurelessness. However, a microscopic study reveals considerable intra-regional physiographic diversity to which the district is no exception. The topography of the district is a typical representative of an alluvial plain and it owes its origin to the aggravational work of the Satluj. The alluvium deposited by this river has been worked over by the wind, giving rise to a number of small sand dunes and sand mounds in this otherwise level area. The summer monsoons with their southwesterly direction have played an important role in determining the direction of these sand dunes which mostly run in south west north east direction. In the Ludhiana plain, the elevation ranges from about 268 metres in the east to about 216 metres in the west. Thus the lies of the land is from east to west at a gentle gradient of about 2 feet in a mile. Some notable heights in the district are Machhiwara (264 metres), Samrala (265 metres), Khanna (263 metres), Ludhiana (246 metres), Satluj Bridge (242 metres) and Jagraon (233 metres). Page 18 of 78

25 For a broad understanding of its relief, the district can be divided into:- (i) (ii) The Flood plain of the Sutlej and The upland plain. (i) The Floodplain of the Satluj - The Satluj makes an extensive floodplain along its 96 kilometres course in the north of the district. This floodplain covers an area of about 300 square kilometres, which accounts for about 16 per cent of the total area of the district. It is locally known as the Bet. Most of this tract is between the Satluj and its tributary, the Budha Nala, and runs parallel to that master stream for almost the whole of the length of the district. Of course, the Satluj floodplain does have its extension even south of the Budha Nala. The floodplain is a low lying area, has swampy condition in parts and possesses somewhat undulating topography. It is the widest in its eastern half (about 11 kms) and gradually narrows down towards the west (about 5 kms). The breadth of the floodplain is primarily determined by the distance of the Budha Nala from the Satluj and this distance is more in the east than in the west. Prior to the construction of the Bhakra Dam over the Satluj (in 1952) and the opening of the Nangal Hydel Channel and the network of Canals in 1954, the whole of the plain was flooded by the river during the rainy season. It rendered much land uncultivable and much uninhabitable. However. It gave rise to many interesting physiographic features. There are many sinuous abandoned channels and the confluence of Butha Nala with the Satluj is marked by intense braiding. Another feature of interest is the prevalence of a number of sand bars, particularly to the north and northwest of Ludhiana city. The damming of the Satluj at Bhakra had a profound effect on its alluviation and erosive power. The floodplain is now practically free from floods, except for a narrow belt of land along the river which is locally known as Mand area. The recent years have witnessed an extensive reclamation of cultivable land in the floodplain. Agricultural families have been settled here in large numbers. Groundnut Page 19 of 78

26 and vegetable cultivation has acquired special significance in view of the fertile sandy loams of this area. [ Thus, the floodplain area of the Satluj is further divisible into two parts (i) the Mand area, which is inundated by the river in its high water and which has little habitation,and (ii) the flood free floodplain which is being reclaimed for agricultural purposes. (ii) The Upland Plain,- The upland plain is locally known as Dhaiya. It accounts for about 84 per cent of the total area of the district. It lies at a general elevation of about 243 metres above the mean sea level and has a gentle slope from the east to the west. The upland plain is separated from the floodplain by a district, though low, scrap which varies in its elevation from 1.5 to 6 metres. In its orientation this scrap parallels the Budha Nala. The most distinguishing feature of this upland is its characteristic flatness. However, there is number of small sand dunes and sand mounds, varying in elevation from 1.5 to 9.6 meters and in length from a few metres to about 200 metres, scattered over the area. These sand features provide a variety to the otherwise monotonous flatness of the tract. The sand dunes and sand mounds have mostly alluvial origin and have been later worked over the wind action. These are primarily the deposited material of the Satluj in its original course which has since been shifted. Their distributional pattern has a correspondence with the former courses of this river. Moreover, these sand dunes have mostly southwest-to-northeast orientation obviously, in association with the direction of the monsoon winds. The sand dunes find a relatively high concentration along the scrap between the floodplain and upland plain in Jagraon tahsil near Samrala, Machhiwara, Halwara, and Sidhwan. Page 20 of 78

27 Thus, the physiogarphic personality of the district has been fashioned by water and wind. Despite its apparent homogeneity, it is marked by local variations in topography. But one has to work at the micro-regional scale to identity these variation. (C) RIVER SYSTEM AND WATER RECOURSES The Satluj and its minor tributary, the Budha Nala, constitute of chief hydrographic features of the district. Besides there are some stagnant pools of water in the floodplain of the Satluj and a large number of small spread over the whole district. These ponds are found invariably near the settlement. The river Satluj:- Since the drawn of history, the Satluj is called the river of density. There is concrete archaeological evidence to establish that this river has accumulated on its banks layer after layer of civilization, and played and outstanding role in India s cultural and political history. Some historians and archaeologists hold that it was on its banks that Indian civilization took rots and flourished. The Satluj is the same as the ancient Vedic river Sutudri which referred to in the Rig Veda at two places. In the epic period, this river was known as Satadru, i.e., one flowing in a hundred channels. The legend of Vashishtha and Viswamitra is stated in the Adiparva of the Mahabharata which incidentally explains the derivation of the word Satadru. In the classical literature, the Satluj is more commonly known as Satadru. Yaska s Nirukta and Bhagavata also refer to the Satadru. Amarakosha says that Sutudri is the same as Satadru. The Satluj takes its origin from the Mansarover Lake in the trans-himalayan region. It is an antecedent stream and is older; than the mighty Himalayan ranges. In its course across the high mountain ranges, the river has carved out deep gorges which have only a few parallels in the world. It debouches from the Siwaliks just above Ropar, some 32 kilometres east of the boundary of Samrala tahsil, flows due west along the top Page 21 of 78

28 of the district for some 96 kilometers and turns as it leaves Jagraon tahsil, slightly to the north towards its junction with Beas at Harike. During its traverse along the district, the Satluj maintains an east-west directions. Its channel is considerably braided and there are a number of sand islands. The volume of water in the river and the width of the channel fluctuate widely from dry to rainy season. It has been devastating river during its flooding fury. The Satluj has experienced a westward drift during recent times. This phenomenon is true of many other rivers constituting the drainage system of North India. It is learnt from local tradition that the Satluj used to flow about two centuries back through a channel near the present scrap between the flood-plain and the upland plain. The old town and villages of Bahlopur, Machhiwars, Kum, etc., were built on its banks. The westward drift of the Satluj can be explained through the well-known Ferrel s law according to which things in motion like rivers and winds, tend to drift towards their right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere. As event of far reaching importance has been the damming of the Satluj at Bhakra which has checked its flooding menace. The Budha Nala. Immediately under the high bank along the old course of the Satluj runs a perennial stream called the Budha Nala which takes its rise near Chamkaur, in Ropar district, and enters the district near Bahlolpur. It runs parallel to the Satluj on its south for a fairly large section of its course in the district and ultimately joins the Satluj at Gorsian Kadar Baksh, in the north-western corner of the district. The Budha Nala has a sinuous course and the width of the channel varies from place to place. It is a flooding stream during the rainy season but in the dry season it can be crossed on foot at certain points. Its water is quite clear and is used for a number of purposes. Machhiwara and Ludhiana are situated to the south of the Budha Nala. Underground water resources. The irrigation in the district is through wells. In the Bet, the depth of water below the surface in the wells diminishes from north-east to south-west in Samrala and part of the Ludhiana tahsil. The depth of water Page 22 of 78

29 in the wells varies a good deal according to locality and season. It is generally 3.65 to 4.57 metres, but in a dry year will fall much lower. Underground Water Resources The long-term groundwater behavior of Ludhiana district indicated an average water table depth was 9.13m in 1998 and in 2015 indicating an overall fall of 52 cm/year in, However, the decline rate was not uniform in different blocks but ranged from cm/year in different blocks. Blocks Raikot and Sudhar experienced maximum fall rate of 90 cm/year and 70 cm/year respectively. The blocks nearingthe river bed of Satluj namely Machhiwara and sidhwan Bet showed lower annual decline rate of nearly 28 cm/year. Doraha block with Sidhwan canal running though it experienced a fall rate of 21 cm/year. (d) FLORA (Botany) The district being mainly an agricultural one, vast tracts of land are under cultivation with the result that very little of the natural vegetation is left. Forested land is scarce and only towards Phillaur on the Grand Trunk Road, about 7 kilometres from Ludhiana city, is located the Ludhiana Reserve Forest. The dominant trees in this Reserve Forest are Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham) and Morus alba (Tut) with one or the other predominating in the different parts of the forest. The Willow, Salix tetrasperma (Baishi) is found in the lowlying areas. Other trees met with in the forest are Prosopis spicigera (Chhonkar or Jand) (Mesquite), Acacia niloitica (Kikar), Parkinsonia aculeate (ValaitiKikar), Leucaena and leucocephala (Valaiti banal) and Ehria laevis. The Phloxdatylifera (Datepalm) (Pindkhajur) has been seen to invade parts of certain compartments in the parts of the forest and in some places has ousted the tree species altogether. The blanks in the forest are covered by Desmostachya bipinnata (dab grass). This grass sometimes chokes the seedling of the forest trees and thus interferes with their regeneration. Similarly Acacia farnesiana and the Phlox dactylifera often interfere with growth of more useful species in the Reserve Forest. Among the other woody plants met with in the district outside the Reserve Forest may be mentioned, Butea monosperma (dhak) which may be seen in hard soil in areas Page 23 of 78

30 with heavier rainfall, Capparis deciduas (karir), Acacia nilotica (kikar) and Zizyphus mauritiana (ber) which are seen on waste ground and in the fields around villages and along roadside. Ficus religiosa (pipal) and Ficus benghalensis(ber or bargad) are also commonly seen near villages. Tamarix articulata (farash) is a useful tree often planted along cultivated fields. Dalbergi sissoo (shisham), Albiaia lebbek (siris) and Ficus spp. are met with forming fine avenues along trunk roads. Azadirachta indica (nim) and Melia azedarach (bakain) are useful as shade giving trees and are commonly seen in many places in the district. The district is not particularly known for any of its fruit trees though the common fruit trees like Citrus spp. (orange, etc.), Eriobotrya japonic (Loquat) and others seem to do well in the area. Calotropis procera (ak) and Zizyphus nummularia (kokanber) are generally found in the wasteland around most villages. The former is cut for firewood and the latter is used for hedges and also its leaves as fodder. Among the grasses, Desmostachya bipinnata (dab grass) is abundant and is useful for making mats. Saccharum spontaneum (kahi) finds use as fodder and is also considered a good sand binder. Saccharum bengalense (sarkanda, sarwar) is used in many ways. This grass is particularly found to be useful for cultivation in inferior sandy soils. It is used for thatching purposes and for providing raw material to the ban making industry in the district. Cynodon dactylon Pers. (khabbal) is relished by cattle throughout the tract. Among other useful plants of the district may be mentioned Typha elephantina Roxb. (dibh). Its popular name is Elephant Grass. It is used for thatching and mat-making industry. This monocotyledonous plant is found in the water-logged areas, along the canals and railway strips. (f) FAUNA (Zoology) The district, being a predominantly agricultural and heavily populated area, can boast of very little natural vegetation and forested land. As a result of increasing emphasis on intensive cultivation of available land and bringing more and more areas under the plough, even such pockets as may be described the habitat or sanctuary for wild life have been eliminated during recent years. Even such birds and animals as were found in abundance in the district some years ago may, therefore, be said to Page 24 of 78

31 have greatly diminished during the last few decades. Sport or small game in a very restricted form is available along the river bank or in certain areas which have not been cultivated on account of the seasonal overflow of water from the river. Such stretches of land are covered with thick growth of reeds and bushes. Only such wild life is possible in these areas, which may be considered comparatively safe for birds and animals, as can subsist there. In the cold weather, wild fowl (Kulan) are plentiful along the river and the Budha Nala. In the uplands, good many hares and small game, such as partridges black and grey are found in sugarcane fields and small patches of jungle. Quails are plentiful in their seasons. Various types of sandgrouse may be met with in cold weather amongst fields of Moth, etc. wild pigeon is found all over the country side. Peacocks are a common sight in all parts of the district and may be seen both in the fields and on house-tops. Their number has generally remained steady because the bird is not killed for game by overwhelming numbers of the people. In some of the detached villages, which still have some growth of jungle left, it is possible to get good bag of small game. The Birs or forest plantations which served as game preserves have also shrunk in size. The wild boars, which were a menace to the villages, have also gone down in numbers as a result of the rapid increase in population and very limited areas left uncultivated. The antelope and ravine deer which were quite common a few years ago are fast disappearing. Even otherwise shooting wild game in the open country, when very large number of people are always working in the fields, is not free from risk. Fauna is believed to be a gift of nature. The beasts and birds which were once looked upon as no more than a source of food are desired to be preserved as a part of the fauna. Every species in nature has its own role to play even though the average man may not be able to understand it. Wild life, both animals and birds, are friends of the cultivator. More often than not they protect the crops by preying upon worms and insects which might destroy them. Special steps have been taken to preserve and protect wild life through the games Warden. Detailed lists of zoological types still extant in the district birds, fishes, amphibious snakes, lizards and mammals, etc., are given in the appendices (A-E) at the end of the chapter at pages 24 to 57. Page 25 of 78

32 (g) CLIMATE (i) Climatic divisions and seasons and their duration.- The climate of district is characterised by dryness except in the brief monsoon season, a very hot summer and a bracing winter. The cold season is from about the middle of November to the early part of March. The succeeding period up to about the end of the June is the hot season. July, August and first half of September constitute the south-west monsoon. The period from mid-september to about the middle of November may be termed the post-monsoon or transitional period. (h) Temperature and humidity Temperature. There is a meteorological observatory in the district at Ludhiana and the records of this station may be taken as representative of the meteorological conditions in the district in general. Temperatures increase rapidly after February. June is generally the hottest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at 40.6 o C (105.1 o F) and the mean daily minimum at 27.2 o C (81.0 o F). Hot scorching dust-laden winds blow during the summer season and on individual days the day temperature may reach above 45 o C (1130 o F). Afternoon thundershowers and occasional dust-storms bring welcome relief from the heat though only temporarily. With the onset of the monsoon in the district early in July, there is appreciable drop in the day temperatures. But the night temperature in the monsoon season are nearly as high as in the latter part of summer. On account of the increased moisture in the monsoon air, the weather is quite sultry and uncomfortable even in the monsoon season in between the rains. After about mid-september when the monsoon with-draws, the night temperatures decrease rapidly. But the drop in the day temperature is not so rapid. From about November, however, both the day and night temperatures decrease rapidly till January, which is the coldest month. The mean daily maximum in January is 19.5 o C (67.1 o F) and the mean daily minimum 6.4 o C (43.5 o F). during the winter season, in association with passing western disturbances, cold waves affect the district and the minimum temperature drops down below freezing point. Page 26 of 78

33 5. Action regarding protection and preservation of wild life is taken under The Punjab Wild Life Preservation Act, 1959 and the rules framed the reunder in pursuance of section 22 of the said Act, vide Punjab Government Notification No Ft-VI- 61/5008, dated 14th September, The highest maximum temperature recorded at Ludhiana was 48.3 o C (118.9 o F) on May 29,1944. The lowest minimum temperature was 1.7 o C (28.9 o F) on January 16,1935). (i) Humidity :- Relative humidity is generally high during the monsoon season. In the rest of the year humidity is low, the driest part of the year being the summer season. The following table I gives normals of temperature and relative humidity during different months of year in Ludhiana district :- TABLE 1 NORMAL OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY (LUDHIANA) Month Mean Daily Maximum Temperature Mean Daily Mini mum Temp eratu re Highest Maximum Ever Recorded Lowest Minimum over Recorded Relative Hours (Indian Time) Humidity Standard 0 C 0 C 0 C Date 0 C Date 0830/ percent 173 0/pe rcen t January January January February February February March March March Page 27 of 78

34 April April April May May May June June June July July July August August August September September Septemb er October October October November November Novemb er December December Decemb er Annual (j) Atmospheric pressure and winds. Cloudiness.- During the monsoon season and for spells of a day or two in association with passing western disturbances, the skies are moderately to heavily clouded and overcast occasionally. During the rest of the year, skies are mostly clear or lightly clouded. Winds.- Winds are generally light in the district. In the south-west monsoon season winds from directions between north-east and south-east are common but on many days, particularly in the afternoon, westerly or north-westerly winds also blow. In the rest of the year westerly to north-westerly winds predominate expect in the latter half of the summer season when easterlies and south- easterlies blow on some days. Special weather phenomena.- During the cold season, western disturbances affect the weather over the district. Thunder-storms occur in association with these. Thunder-storms also occur during the summer and to a lesser extent in the monsoon season. Dust-storms affects the district during the summer season Page 28 of 78

35 LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT: FOREST, AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, MINING ETC. Data of Land Use in respect to District Ludhiana (Area in Hectare) Sr. No Particulars Geographical Area Forests Non-Agriculture Area Net Sown Area Area Sown More than one time in a year 6 Total Area under Crops Data provided by Cheif Agriculture Officer, Ludhiana Page 29 of 78

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51 AGRICULTURE AES: Agro-Ecological Situation On account of ecology, district can be divided in to four zones. A brief information about each Agro- Ecological Situation is given as under:- AES-I: It Comprises of the blocks of Sidhwan Bet, Ludhiana II, Machhiwara, These have a geographical area of hectare (34.9%), out of which hectare is under cultivation. It is a flood prone area with medium to heavy normal soil and good quality underground water. This AES is river bed area of Sutlej River. AES-II: It is district which is comprised of blocks Jagraon (N), Ludhiana 1, Samrala. It has light to medium quality soil and good quality underground water. Main feature of this AES is that the soils were formed by the alluvium deposited by the river Sutlej from the total geographical area of hectare (19.8%), hectare area is Under cultivation. AES-III: This AES consists of blocks Dehlon, Doraha, Sudhar. These have a geographical area of hectare (24.1%) under them, out of which hectare area is under cultivation. The soil of this AES is medium to heavy. Underground water in this AES is of good quality. AES-1V: This AES consists of blocks Jagraon (S), Pakhowal, Khanna, Sudhar. Some of this area was under sand dunes. Those have been reclaimed. Patches of sodic soils existed in the past but those have been reclaimed now. These have a geographical area of hectare (21.2%) under them, out of which hectare area is under cultivation. Page 45 of 78

52 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT Physiography and Soils: Systematic approach of image interpretation along with sufficient collateral information regarding geology, climate etc. of the area revealed the following physiographic units: 2. Hills: This unit is represented by Upper Siwalik belt which consists of massive, poorly lithified sandstone and silt stone. These consists of beds of silt and clay with rounded pebbles and gravels. The hills are covered with sparse vegetation, bushes and shrubs. It has moderate to very slopes and is severely eroded. This unit is further sub divided into (i) Hill side slopes and (ii) Hill foot slopes. 3. Valley: The valleys are narrow to broad with gentle to moderate slopes. The ground water is mostly at shallow depth. The valleys in the area are found in different location and has been subdivided into (i)hill valley (ii) River bed in plains. 4. Piedmont plain: It represents plain with a gently rolling slope at the base of the hills, intercepted and dissected by seasonal rivulets. This units is partly cultivated and partly under bush vegetation. The deposits near the hills are finer - in texture, in general. This unit is divided into (i) Upper piedmont plain (ii) Lower piedmont plain. Further sub division is done on the basis of landuse, erosion, slope and soils. The piedmont plain 'West of Satluj' consists of coarser material and differ from the deposits of severely dissected piedmont plain 'East of Satluj' which consists of beds and silt and clay along with gravels. A small pocket of piedmont plain south of Siersa River shows mixed characteristics. Flood plain: The flood plain is the result of deposition due to flooding of river Satluj and river Sirsa and it occurs along these rivers forming narrow strips. It is characterized by low relief and consists of pebbles, gravels in sandy and silt Page 46 of 78