FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, DEHRADUN

Transcription

1 PROJECT REPORT DRAINAGE AND REPLENISHMENT STUDY OF MINED AREA OF GANGA SHYAMPUR RIVER HARIDWAR Submitted to UTTARAKHAND FOREST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (UFDC) 73, Nehru Road, Deharadun Prepared&Submitted by Climate Change & Forest Influence Division FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, DEHRADUN

2 GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Project Title : Drainage and replenishment study of mining affected area of various rivers of Uttarakhand 2. Name of the Institute : Forest Research Institute, Dehradun 4. Designation of the Executive Authority of the Institute / University forwarding the application : Director, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun 7. Duration : 6 Months (from beginning of the project) 8. Total Cost (Rs.) : lakh Name & Designation of Principle Investigator Name and Designation of Co-Principal Investigator Project Coordinator Address : Dr. Parmanand Kumar, Scientist-B, FRI, Dehradun Dr. Hukum Singh, Research Officer, FRI, Dehradun : Head, Climate Change & Forest Influence Division Forest Research institute, Dehradun : Climate Change & Forest Influence Division, Forest Research institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun head_ccfi@icfre.org Phone :

3 SUMMARY Drainage system is the pattern formed by streams, rivers and lakes in a drainage basin. In a drainage system, streams or rivers always connect together to form networks. Many factors such as topography, soil type, bedrock type, climate and vegetation cover influence input, output and transport of sediment and water in a drainage basin (Charlton, 2008). These factors also influence the nature of the pattern of water bodies (Twidale, 2004). As a consequence, drainage pattern can reflect geographical characteristics of a river network to a certain extent. There are several types of drainage pattern. So far, much research has been done on the description of drainage patterns in geography and hydrology (e.g. Howard, 1967; Lambert, 1998; Twidale, 2004; Pidwirny, 2006). In addition, sediment transport knowledge is important in river restoration, ecosystem protection, navigation, watershed studies and reservoir management. Bed load represents the lower portion of sediment load in natural rivers. Fluvial sediment load materials are transported by rivers. Sediment load can be divided into bed load and suspended load based on the mode of transport. Bed load is transported close to the bed where particles moved by rolling, sliding, or jumping (Adegbola, 2012). Xlaoqing (2003) explained that bed load transport in natural rivers is a complicated phenomenon. Its movement is quite uneven in both the transverse and longitudinal directions, which vary considerably. The state of Uttarakhand has great importance in the local, regional, national and international perspectives due to its distinct physiographic conditions i.e. Himalayas, Shivalik and planes with altitudinal variation ranging from 300 to 3500 meters. It endowed with diverse vegetation types, ranging from tropical to subtropical, temperate and alpine including riverine, grasslands and wetlands. The state has 64.79% of its total geographical area as forest area against India s forest and tree cover of 23.4% of the total geographical area. Many rivers are generated from Himalyan and Shivalik regions which supply water in down streams. The rivers of the Uttarakhand are plays an important role for the nation and provide water required by various sectors such as irrigation, drinking, recreation and industrial requirements etc. Besides, mining activities are also being carried out in the rivers

4 for the developmental process. Di-siltation (remove of excess sand and stone from river bed) of the river helps to maintain the carrying capacity and provides protection from flooding during monsoon season. Further, continuous flow of river is essential for ecological and economic needs such as irrigation and biodiversity etc. Therefore, drainage study of the river helps to understand potential carrying capacity of water during monsoon season which is generated from rainfall in the watershed and quantity of di-siltation of rivers under mining affected areas. Drainage and replenishment study was carried out in Ganga Shyampur River, Haridwar was found with ephemeral streams. Quantification and estimation of river bed material (RBM) was accomplished by followed three scientific approaches i. e. mapping of watersheds by using Arc GIS software, survey of proposed mining area and grain size distribution of sand and gravel. Moreover, analysis of grain size distribution helps us to estimate sediment deposition and safe limit for extraction/ removal of deposited river bed material (RBM) available in the various rivers. This quantity has been arrived upon considering that hydrological profile of the river flow is guided to the centre of the river so as to minimize risk of steam bank erosion. Furthermore, drainage study of rivers was done with the help of mapping of watershed generated by Arc GIS. The behaviour and geo-morphology of rivers was also estimated with the help of mapping.

5 Methodology: Drainage and replenishment study The catchment area of the river was analyzed with the help of ArcGIS approach. The mined affected area of the river was measured through ArcGIS approach and ground based survey by GPS approach. The stretch of the mined area of river was divided in various segments depending on stretch of the rivers. The width (meters) and GPS information at each segment was collected to quantify the total mined area of river. The geo-morphological patters in terms of stream orders were also observed using ArcGIS methodology. Besides, the mined affected area of the river was divided in to various segments (Fig.1) to analyze grain size distribution in river bed. The one pit with size of 2m 1m 1m (Fig.1) per segment was made throughout the stretch of the river with digging methods. The materials were collected from two depths of the river beds i.e. above 50 cm and below 50 cm of the river bed. The dug material from each depth was filled in iron bucket with 50 kg capacity and weighted though weighing balance. After that, the weighted material was filtered through various grades of sieves (<2mm, 2-6mm, 6-10mm, 10-50mm and >50mm). Again, the filtered material of each size sieve was weighted to calculate actual percentage of grain size at both depths. Grain Size Distribution Analysis in Rivers Grain size distribution in the river bed was estimated with the help of different opening size of the screens up to 1 m depth at different locations of the river.

6 Sapling site for analysis grain size distribution 1 m 2 m 1 m Fig.: 1. Sampling site and pit size for study of grain size distribution Study Area The Ganga Shyampur River, a tributary of Ganga River comes under Haridwar Forest Division. The catchment area of River is ha. Geographically, the River lies between 78º 10 4 E to 78º E longitude and 29º N to 29º N latitude. The catchment area obtained through ArcGIS method was approximately ha with perimeter of km. As far as forest ecosystem is concerned, there was no very dense forest, moderate dense forest ha (44 %) and open forest ha (22 %). The ha was considered as non-forested area which covers around 32 % and ha (2%) area was water bodies of whole catchment area (Fig.2&3).In addition to catchment area, the total mined area was measured with the help of ground based survey method by GPS

7 approach and it was recorded around ha whereas ArcGIS calculated ha (Table 4). The area obtained by both approaches was near about to close and no significant difference was observed. It was interesting to know that small patches of newly growing vegetation or stabilised island with regenerating vegetation are also found in river. Nevertheless, the small patches or islands were avoided during assessment of river. The morphological patters in terms of stream orders were also observed using ArcGIS methodology. Four numbers of stream orders were found in the river with various lengths. The utmost length of I st stream order was found to be around km followed by II nd order (22.95 km), III rd order (21.65 km) and IV th (2.17 km) order. (Fig.4 and Table 1).The total length of the stream of the Shyampur River was approximate km with bifurcation ratio of 5.92 and stream length ration of The stream frequency, drainage density, drainage intensity and length of overland flow were 6.47, 3.27, 1.98 and respectively (Table 3). In respect of stream orders, it was concluded that the flow of water stream could be enhanced due to more number of streams order. The rate of deposition of debris is also expected to increase which results to lead fluctuation in stream flow of river. The fluctuation or change in stream behaviours is expected to damage flora and fauna of river bank and its adjoining area. Fig.: 2. Land use/forest cover map of Shyampur River

8 2% 22% 32% 44% MOD. DENSE-FOREST NON-FOREST OPEN-FOREST WATER BODIES Total Catchment Area= 2736 ha Fig.: 3. Catchment area of Shyampur River Fig.: 4. Drainage study of Shyampur River

9 Fig.: 5. Proposed mining area of Shyampur River. Geomorphological Analysis of Shyampur River Table: 1. Geomorphology of Shyampur River Stream Order S u No of Streams N u Length of stream (km) L u Bifurcation ratio R b Stream Length Ratio R l I Order II Order III Order IV Order Total Mean

10 Table: 2. Geometric-parameter of Shyampur River No Geometric - Parameters Formula Method Result 1 Area (km 2 ) A GIS output Arc GIS Perimeter (km) P GIS output Arc GIS Length (km) L u GIS output Arc GIS Relative perimeter (P r ) P r = A/P Schumn(1956) Mean width (W b ) W b = A/L b Horton (1932) Length area relation km (L ar ) L ar = 1.4*A 0.6 Hack (1957) Form factor ratio (R f ) R f = A / L b 2 Horton (1932) Elongation ratio (R e ) R e = 2/ L b *(A/π) 0.5 Schumn (1956) Circularity ratio (R c ) R c = 4* π (A/P 2 ) Miller (1953) Table: 3. Morphometric parameters of Shyampur River No Morphometric Parameters Formula Method Result 1 Stream frequency (F s ) F s = N u / A Horton (1932) Drainage density (D d ) D d = L u / A Horton (1932) Drainage Intensity (D i ) D i= F s / D d Faniran (1968) Constant of Channel Maintainace (C) C = 1/ D d Schumn (1956) Length of overland flow (L g ) L g = A/2* L u Horton (1945)

11 Table: 4. Measurement of mine area by survey of Ganga Shyampur River Measuring points Segment Length, m River Width, m Starting Point (1) Average width, m Area, ha (Measured) Area, ha (Estimated by Arc GIS) End Point (9) Total

12 Table 5: Estimation of RBM in the proposed for mining of Ganga Shyampur rivers Gross area of river under mining (ha) Net river area* Executable Catchment under mining RBM (lakh Area (ha) Estimated # (ha) m 3 ) indicates mining area measured through ground survey. # indicates mining area estimated through ArcGIS approach. *indicates 50% of total mining area Conclusions: The Shyampur River consisted moderate dense forest ha (44 %) and open forest ha (22 %) with of non-forested area. The total length of the stream of the Shyampur River was approximate km with bifurcation ratio of 5.92 and stream length ration of The executable RBM in Ganga Shyampur was computed about 22.0 lakh cubic meter.