Climate & Climate Change in Indus Basin. How Can Research Help? Danial Hashmi, Pakistan
|
|
- Kory Mills
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Climate & Climate Change in Indus Basin How Can Research Help? Danial Hashmi, Pakistan
2 Sequence of Presentation Brief Description of Indus Basin Climate of Indus Basin Climate of Upper Indus Basin Climate Trends Climate Projections How research can help?
3 Introduction to Indus Basin Indus River basin, with 833,788 km2 of drainage area, is one of the major river basins of the world. The Indus is a noteworthy river for various reasons. It is a transboundary river. Its drainage basin is distributed in China (8%), India (22%), Pakistan (61%), and Afghanistan (9%). It is one of the mightiest rivers in Asia in terms of its volumetric flow and sediment load on an annual basis. It originates from Mount Kailas,Tibetan Plateau, and passes through a high altitude terrain spanning the Greater Himalayas and the Karakoram mountain ranges where the glaciers and snow packs, that are the main sources of river flows, are vulnerable to climate change. Numerous tributaries, some of which by themselves are major rivers of the basin, join the Indus throughout its course. The river network of this basin has been extensively engineered to create extremely important irrigation systems for vital agriculture and hydroelectricity in both India and Pakistan. With these, it carries significant hydro-politics as well. An estimated 237 million people, projected to increase to 319 million in 2025 inhabit this river basin.
4 Indus Basin
5 Indus Basin
6 Indus Basin Irrigation Development Works
7 Climate of Indus River Basin Due to the marked physiographic variation in the basin, precipitation and temperature show remarkable spatial variation and seasonal fluctuations throughout the basin. In general, the basin covers arid to semi-arid climatic zones where average annual rainfall varies from mm to mm. The northern parts of the basin experience harsh winter when temperature dips down well below freezing (-30 C at Khunjerab 4750 masl) with significant snowfall whereas in the middle and southern parts winter is mild but summer is very hot when temperature crosses over 40 C. Largely due to variations in altitude, the climatic conditions range from hot and moist tropical in lower valleys to cool temperature at m, above, this climate becomes progressively colder until an extreme polar type is reached at the highest altitudes.
8 Nourishment Source of Indus River Basin The basin experiences two major climatic systems: the mid-latitude westerly or western disturbances from December to March and the South Asian monsoon from June to September. The Karakoram and Western Himalayas, receive heavy snowfalls during the winter due to the incursions of the moisture laden winter westerly circulation and cyclonic storms from the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas. Two-thirds of high altitude snow accumulation in the Karakoram occurs in winter. Even though the monsoon is more focused on the outer or lesser Himalayas, high altitude summer monsoonal snowfall accounts for the other one third snow accumulation in the Karakoram (Hewitt, 2011)
9 Climate of Upper Indus Basin Towering ranges of the Himalayas interpose an insurmountable orographic barrier that halts the masses of monsoon clouds from the south and thus have created rain shadows in the landscape to the north. Naturally, rainfall in Upper Indus sub-basin is scarce. Basin-wide average annual rainfall is approximately 300 mm. However, this aridity of the basin is mostly at elevations in the range of m. Since the Karakoram is located at a considerable distance away from the seas and ocean, the bulk of the moisture to this mountain range is transported from the west and southwest in the middle troposphere by winter westerlies. As a result, the bulk of precipitation in the Karakoram falls out at elevations higher than m during the winter. Furthermore, there is orographic enhancement of precipitation. Although the valley floors are quite arid, precipitation amounts increase substantially with increasing altitude. At 4000 m, annual snowfall of greater than 600 mm can be expected whereas snow accumulation of 1500 mm to greater than 2000 mm occurs at elevations of 5500 m and above.
10 Climate of Indus River Basin In the Himalayan parts of the basin, seasonal as well as annual precipitation increases from the Greater Himalayas to the Middle Himalayas and reaches maximum in the outer Himalayas and the foothills (Singh et al., 1995). From the Himalayan foothills to the plains, rainfall decreases from northeast to southwest. Average annual rainfall in Jhelum sub-basin is 1052 mm, in Beas watershed it is 1146 mm, in the upper parts of Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej sub-basins are 1334 mm, 1215 mm, and 1157 mm respectively, as determined form 34 years ( ) of station records. In the middle parts of the basin average annual rainfall is around 500 mm (e.g. 516 mm in the middle Chenab and 555 mm in the middle-lower Sutlej), also based on 34 years ( ) of station records (CWC-NRSC, 2014). In the plains of Lower Indus sub-basin, mean annual rainfall varies between 90 mm in the downstream segment to 500 mm in the midstream segment (Ali, 2013).
11 Annual and Seasonal Average Precipitation by Elevation Zones
12 Temperature Trends Analyses of temperature records from a limited number of valley-based meteorological stations within Upper Indus sub-basin tend to indicate that winter and annual temperatures exhibit rising trends in line with global warming but summer temperatures, particularly minimum temperatures show a declining trend (Fowler and Archer, 2006; Khattak et al., 2011). On the other hand, analyses by Bhutiyani et al. (2007) reveal significant rise in air temperatures in the northwest Himalayan region, that includes parts of Indus Basin, by about 1.6 C, a rate higher than global average, in the last century with real warming starting from late 1960s and with winters warming at a faster rate. Nevertheless, it is not certain whether these trends, observed at a few points at relatively lower elevations along valley floors, can be safely extended to the entire sub-basin with an areal extent of 172,173 km2 covering mostly very high altitude mountainous terrain.
13 CRU Mean Temperature Trend for Pakistan over the 20 th Century
14 Change in Seasonal Mean Temperatures over Pakistan during by PMD
15 Precipitation Trends Analyses of precipitation trends from the same station records show no statistically significant long-term trend in annual or seasonal precipitation time series (Khan, 2001; Archer and Fowler, 2004). On the other hand, precipitation patterns determined from ERA-40 and GPCP data indicate that summer-monsoonal precipitation has increased over the Karakoram Mountains in recent decades (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2014). Climate change is also expected to be accompanied by changes in the nature and frequency of extreme weather events (Vellinga and Van Verseveld, 2000). Furthermore, the increase in rainfall intensity, changes in rainfall patterns, and greater frequency of extreme rainfalls over Himalayas Hindu Kush region (Turner and Slingo, 2009) potentially will aggravate flooding problems within Indus Basin whose signs are visible now.
16 CRU Precipitation Trend over Pakistan over the 20th Century
17 Future Climate in Indus Basin
18 Region wise Climate Projections for Pakistan during by PMD
19 Climate Projections for Pakistan: 17 GCMs Ensemble Change in Mean Annual Temperature ( C) (by Global Change Impact Study Centre Pakistan)
20 Climate Projections for Pakistan: 17 GCMs Ensemble Change in Mean Annual Precipitation (%) (by Global Change Impact Study Centre Pakistan)
21 Climate Change in Indus Basin and its Hydrologic Consequences The cryosphere of the Karakoram and the Greater Himalayas, the source of the headwaters of all major rivers of Indus Basin, is highly susceptible to climate change. Degradation of perennial snow covers by thinning, retreat, and negative mass balance of glaciers or ice losses have been widely observed in the Himalayas (Berthier et al., 2007; Kulkarni et al., 2007; Kehrwald et al., 2008; Kääb et al., 2012; Bolch et al., 2012; Gardelle et al., 2013). Compared to such prevalent losses of the cryosphere in the Himalayas, several reports suggest glacial stability or even positive glacier mass balance in the Karakoram (Hewitt, 2005; 2007; Gardelle et al., 2012, 2013). However, glacial growth and stability is not ubiquitous throughout Upper Indus subbasin (see Kääb et al., 2012, 2015). Analyses of trends of August flows from the three most glacierized watersheds of upper Indus sub-basin, show that in the central and eastern Karakoram glacier mass balance is negative whereas in the western Karakoram it is positive (Mukhopadhyay and Khan, 2014b; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2014; Mukhopadhyay and Khan, 2015b). Such findings have made the prediction and assessment of impacts of climate change on the future of the Upper Indus and associated flows downstream very uncertain.
22 Projected changes in the total UIB and five sub basins for the entire multimodel ensemble for two future periods ( and ) with respect to the reference period ( ). By Immerzeel
23 How Research can Help? Develop reliable high resolution local level climate change scenarios. Improve Weather Forecasts to better manage the Indus Irrigation System Investigate impacts of Alnino on the weather forecasting for Indus Basin. Investigate moisture input above 4500 masl in the Upper Indus Basin Investigate into Flood Water Management by diverting flood waters to Wet Lands, by rehabilitating the abandoned wet lands. Diverting flood waters to abandoned river beds (Hakra in Cholistan and Sukh Beas). Research into the effective recharge wells to recharge depleting ground water. Improve design parameters for the hydraulic structures as the classical methods may not work under changing climatic conditions. Heat Wave has resulted in loss of more than 1200 lives in Karachi in Improve the building designs to cope with the changing clime extreme events. There is a long list of research areas in Climate Change Policy that can help in adapting to Climate Change
24 Research Areas in Agriculture Sector Identify vulnerable areas within the rain-fed agriculture systems that are prone to increasing heat and drought related failures of crops. Identify the cropping mix package that would be most suited to that area under new vulnerabilities Develop new and hybrid climate change resistant crops that could survive both changes in temperature and precipitation, and still be high yielding, resistant to heat stress, drought tolerant, less vulnerable to heavy spells of rains, and less prone to insect-pests. Research on innovative techniques in cropping patterns to enhance agricultural productivity under reduced water conditions. improvement in cropping patterns and crop diversification with optimized planting dates and laser land levelling for reduced irrigation water consumption. Use biotechnology and genetic engineering for both crops and livestock to improve varieties and breeds, making them drought resistant. Develop Genetically Modified crops that are more carbon responsive to enhance productivity under increased GHGs conditions.
25 Thanks
Tropical Moist Rainforest
Tropical or Lowlatitude Climates: Controlled by equatorial tropical air masses Tropical Moist Rainforest Rainfall is heavy in all months - more than 250 cm. (100 in.). Common temperatures of 27 C (80 F)
More informationChapter outline. Reference 12/13/2016
Chapter 2. observation CC EST 5103 Climate Change Science Rezaul Karim Environmental Science & Technology Jessore University of science & Technology Chapter outline Temperature in the instrumental record
More informationData challenges in Trans-boundary River Basins: Case Study of the Upper Indus Basin
Data challenges in Trans-boundary River Basins: Case Study of the Upper Indus Basin Asif Khan Lead Author (Water chapter- AR6 IPCC) Post Doctorate (Water-Energy-Food-Climate Change, IIASA, Austria) PhD
More informationWhat is the IPCC? Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC WG1 FAQ What is the IPCC? Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change The IPCC is a scientific intergovernmental body set up by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and by the United Nations
More information3. HYDROMETEROLOGY. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Hydro-meteorological Aspect. 3.3 Rain Gauge Stations
3. HYDROMETEROLOGY 3.1 Introduction Hydrometeorology is a branch of meteorology and hydrology that studies the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere. Detailed hydrological
More informationFlood Inundation Mapping under different climate change scenarios in the upper Indus River Basin, Pakistan
Flood Inundation Mapping under different climate change scenarios in the upper Indus River Basin, Pakistan Sohaib Baig (doctoral student) 16 November 2017 Disaster Prevention Research Institute 1 Kyoto
More informationMount Everest and the Gobi Desert
Mount Everest and the Gobi Desert 1 Mount Everest is part of the mountain chain known as the Himalaya. Adventurers from all over the world come to try to climb it. Mount Everest is the highest mountain
More informationWeather Atmospheric condition in one place during a limited period of time Climate Weather patterns that an area typically experiences over a long
Weather Atmospheric condition in one place during a limited period of time Climate Weather patterns that an area typically experiences over a long period of time Many factors influence weather & climate
More informationUNIT 11 SOUTH ASIA SG 1 - PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY & THE ENVIRONMENT
UNIT 11 SOUTH ASIA SG 1 - PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY & THE ENVIRONMENT I. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY TAKE OUT YOUR PHYSICAL MAP OF SOUTH ASIA A. The Himalayan Mountains form the northern boundary of the region (color
More informationAdvanced Hydrology. (Web course)
Advanced Hydrology (Web course) Subhankar Karmakar Assistant Professor Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE) Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400 076 Email: skarmakar@iitb.ac.in
More informationKeys to Climate Climate Classification Low Latitude Climates Midlatitude Climates High Latitude Climates Highland Climates Our Changing Climate
Climate Global Climates Keys to Climate Climate Classification Low Latitude Climates Midlatitude Climates High Latitude Climates Highland Climates Our Changing Climate Keys to Climate Climate the average
More informationWeather Atmospheric condition in one place during a limited period of time Climate Weather patterns that an area typically experiences over a long
Weather Atmospheric condition in one place during a limited period of time Climate Weather patterns that an area typically experiences over a long period of time Many factors influence weather & climate
More informationClimate. Annual Temperature (Last 30 Years) January Temperature. July Temperature. Average Precipitation (Last 30 Years)
Climate Annual Temperature (Last 30 Years) Average Annual High Temp. (F)70, (C)21 Average Annual Low Temp. (F)43, (C)6 January Temperature Average January High Temp. (F)48, (C)9 Average January Low Temp.
More informationModelling runoff from large glacierized basins in the Karakoram Himalaya using remote sensing of the transient snowline
Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 (Proceedings of a symposium held at Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, April 2000). IAHS Publ. no. 267, 2001. 99 Modelling runoff from large glacierized basins in the Karakoram
More informationImpact of Atmoshpheric Brown Clouds (ABCs) on Agriculture. Dr.A.K.Gogoi, ADG(Agro) ICAR, New Delhi- 12
Impact of Atmoshpheric Brown Clouds (ABCs) on Agriculture Dr.A.K.Gogoi, ADG(Agro) ICAR, New Delhi- 12 What are ABCs Atmospheric Brown Clouds (ABC s ) are regional scale slums of air pollution that consists
More informationGLOBAL CLIMATES FOCUS
which you will learn more about in Chapter 6. Refer to the climate map and chart on pages 28-29 as you read the rest of this chapter. FOCUS GLOBAL CLIMATES What are the major influences on climate? Where
More informationEnergy Systems, Structures and Processes Essential Standard: Analyze patterns of global climate change over time Learning Objective: Differentiate
Energy Systems, Structures and Processes Essential Standard: Analyze patterns of global climate change over time Learning Objective: Differentiate between weather and climate Global Climate Focus Question
More informationCharacteristics of Central Southwest Asian Water Budgets and Their Impacts on Regional Climate
Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 2013, 3, 259-268 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2013.32027 Published Online April 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/acs) Characteristics of Central Southwest Asian Water
More informationClimate Change in Colorado: Recent Trends, Future Projections and Impacts An Update to the Executive Summary of the 2014 Report
Climate Change in Colorado: Recent Trends, Future Projections and Impacts An Update to the Executive Summary of the 2014 Report Jeff Lukas, Western Water Assessment, University of Colorado Boulder - Lukas@colorado.edu
More informationLong-Term Trend of Summer Rainfall at Selected Stations in the Republic of Korea
Long-Term Trend of Summer Rainfall at Selected Stations in the Republic of Korea Il-Kon Kim Professor, Department of Region Information Rafique Ahmed Professor, Geography and Earth Science Silla University
More informationWeather and Climate Summary and Forecast Summer 2017
Weather and Climate Summary and Forecast Summer 2017 Gregory V. Jones Southern Oregon University August 4, 2017 July largely held true to forecast, although it ended with the start of one of the most extreme
More informationClimate Change Models: The Cyprus Case
Climate Change Models: The Cyprus Case M. Petrakis, C. Giannakopoulos, G. Lemesios National Observatory of Athens AdaptToClimate 2014, Nicosia Cyprus Climate Research (1) Climate is one of the most challenging
More informationSummary and Conclusions
241 Chapter 10 Summary and Conclusions Kerala is situated in the southern tip of India between 8 15 N and 12 50 N latitude and 74 50 E and 77 30 E longitude. It is popularly known as Gods own country.
More informationPAKISTAN. WINTER RAINFALL PREDICTION Hazrat Mir. Cief Met Pakistan Meteorological Department 14 th, October2015
PAKISTAN WINTER RAINFALL PREDICTION Hazrat Mir Cief Met Pakistan Meteorological Department 14 th, October2015 Monsoon 2013 seasonal forecast, PMD, Islamabad, 7 June, 2013 2 Monsoon 2013 seasonal forecast,
More information1 What Is Climate? TAKE A LOOK 2. Explain Why do areas near the equator tend to have high temperatures?
CHAPTER 17 1 What Is Climate? SECTION Climate BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is climate? What factors affect climate? How do climates differ
More informationStudy of Hydrometeorology in a Hard Rock Terrain, Kadirischist Belt Area, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh
Open Journal of Geology, 2012, 2, 294-300 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2012.24028 Published Online October 2012 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojg) Study of Hydrometeorology in a Hard Rock Terrain, Kadirischist
More informationMODELLING FUTURE CHANGES IN CRYOSPHERE OF INDUS BASIN
MODELLING FUTURE CHANGES IN CRYOSPHERE OF INDUS BASIN ANIL V. KULKARNI DISTINGUISHED VISITING SCIENTIST DIVECHA CENTRE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE BANGALORE 560012 INDIA Presented at
More informationMONITORING OF SEASONAL SNOW COVER IN YAMUNA BASIN OF UTTARAKAHND HIMALAYA USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
MONITORING OF SEASONAL SNOW COVER IN YAMUNA BASIN OF UTTARAKAHND HIMALAYA USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES Anju Panwar, Devendra Singh Uttarakhand Space Application Centre, Dehradun, India ABSTRACT Himalaya
More informationCLIMATE. UNIT TWO March 2019
CLIMATE UNIT TWO March 2019 OUTCOME 9.2.1Demonstrate an understanding of the basic features of Canada s landscape and climate. identify and locate major climatic regions of Canada explain the characteristics
More informationSouth Asian Climate Outlook Forum (SASCOF-6)
Sixth Session of South Asian Climate Outlook Forum (SASCOF-6) Dhaka, Bangladesh, 19-22 April 2015 Consensus Statement Summary Below normal rainfall is most likely during the 2015 southwest monsoon season
More informationSouth, Southeast, and East Asia. Physical Geography
South, Southeast, and East Asia Physical Geography Mountains v Mountains are important in Asia because they influence: A. Population patterns B. Movement of people and goods C. Climate Mountains v The
More informationESTIMATING SNOWMELT CONTRIBUTION FROM THE GANGOTRI GLACIER CATCHMENT INTO THE BHAGIRATHI RIVER, INDIA ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
ESTIMATING SNOWMELT CONTRIBUTION FROM THE GANGOTRI GLACIER CATCHMENT INTO THE BHAGIRATHI RIVER, INDIA Rodney M. Chai 1, Leigh A. Stearns 2, C. J. van der Veen 1 ABSTRACT The Bhagirathi River emerges from
More informationAn ENSO-Neutral Winter
An ENSO-Neutral Winter This issue of the Blue Water Outlook newsletter is devoted towards my thoughts on the long range outlook for winter. You will see that I take a comprehensive approach to this outlook
More informationAnalysis of Rainfall and Other Weather Parameters under Climatic Variability of Parbhani ( )
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.295
More informationObserved changes in climate and their effects
1 1.1 Observations of climate change Since the TAR, progress in understanding how climate is changing in space and time has been gained through improvements and extensions of numerous datasets and data
More informationL.O Students will learn about factors that influences the environment
Name L.O Students will learn about factors that influences the environment Date 1. At the present time, glaciers occur mostly in areas of A) high latitude or high altitude B) low latitude or low altitude
More informationMODELLING FROST RISK IN APPLE TREE, IRAN. Mohammad Rahimi
WMO Regional Seminar on strategic Capacity Development of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services in RA II (Opportunity and Challenges in 21th century) Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 3-4 December 2008
More informationbut 2012 was dry Most farmers pulled in a crop
After a winter that wasn t, conditions late in the year pointed to a return to normal snow and cold conditions Most farmers pulled in a crop but 2012 was dry b y M i k e Wr o b l e w s k i, w e a t h e
More informationChapter 2 Planet Earth
Chapter 2 Planet Earth Section Notes Earth and the Sun s Energy Water on Earth The Land Close-up The Water Cycle World Almanac Major Eruptions in the Ring of Fire Quick Facts Chapter 2 Visual Summary Video
More informationThe Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region
Understanding the Dynamics of Snow and Glaciers in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region Deo Raj Gurung, Remote Sensing Specialist, MENRIS, ICIMOD, drgurung@icimod.org Samjwal Ratna Bajracharya, Remote Sensing
More informationWeather and Climate of the Rogue Valley By Gregory V. Jones, Ph.D., Southern Oregon University
Weather and Climate of the Rogue Valley By Gregory V. Jones, Ph.D., Southern Oregon University The Rogue Valley region is one of many intermountain valley areas along the west coast of the United States.
More informationforest tropical jungle swamp marsh prairie savanna pampas Different Ecosystems (rainforest)
Different Ecosystems forest A region of land that is covered with many trees and shrubs. tropical jungle (rainforest) swamp A region with dense trees and a variety of plant life. It has a tropical climate.
More informationBell Work. REVIEW: Our Planet Earth Page 29 Document A & B Questions
9.12.16 Bell Work REVIEW: Our Planet Earth Page 29 Document A & B Questions Intro to Climate & Weather https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhgyoa70q7y Weather vs. Climate Video Climate & Weather 3.1 Weather
More informationChapter 21 Southwest Asia: Harsh & Arid Lands
Name Hour Chapter 21 Southwest Asia: Harsh & Arid Lands Essential Question: How has the physical geography of Asia influenced the development of these regions (i.e. history, population distribution, &
More informationMinnesota s Climatic Conditions, Outlook, and Impacts on Agriculture. Today. 1. The weather and climate of 2017 to date
Minnesota s Climatic Conditions, Outlook, and Impacts on Agriculture Kenny Blumenfeld, State Climatology Office Crop Insurance Conference, Sep 13, 2017 Today 1. The weather and climate of 2017 to date
More informationinvestment decisions
Climate modelling: A guide to investment decisions Vicky Pope Met Office Hadley Centre This is not an ADB material. The views expressed in this document are the views of the author/s and/or their organizations
More information2015: A YEAR IN REVIEW F.S. ANSLOW
2015: A YEAR IN REVIEW F.S. ANSLOW 1 INTRODUCTION Recently, three of the major centres for global climate monitoring determined with high confidence that 2015 was the warmest year on record, globally.
More informationDEPARTMENT OF EARTH & CLIMATE SCIENCES Name SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY Nov 29, ERTH 360 Test #2 200 pts
DEPARTMENT OF EARTH & CLIMATE SCIENCES Name SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY Nov 29, 2018 ERTH 360 Test #2 200 pts Each question is worth 4 points. Indicate your BEST CHOICE for each question on the Scantron
More informationWHAT CAN MAPS TELL US ABOUT THE GEOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT GREECE? MAP TYPE 1: CLIMATE MAPS
WHAT CAN MAPS TELL US ABOUT THE GEOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT GREECE? MAP TYPE 1: CLIMATE MAPS MAP TYPE 2: PHYSICAL AND/OR TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS MAP TYPE 3: POLITICAL MAPS TYPE 4: RESOURCE & TRADE MAPS Descriptions
More informationFlood management in Namibia: Hydrological linkage between the Kunene River and the Cuvelai Drainage System: Cuvelai-Etosha Basin
Flood management in Namibia: Hydrological linkage between the Kunene River and the Cuvelai Drainage System: Cuvelai-Etosha Basin By: Leonard Hango Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Ministry of Agriculture
More informationMediterranean Climates (Csa, Csb)
Climatic Zones & Types Part II I've lived in good climate, and it bores the hell out of me. I like weather rather than climate. 1 John Steinbeck Mediterranean Climates (Csa, Csb) Main locations Western
More informationCLIMATE READY BOSTON. Climate Projections Consensus ADAPTED FROM THE BOSTON RESEARCH ADVISORY GROUP REPORT MAY 2016
CLIMATE READY BOSTON Sasaki Steering Committee Meeting, March 28 nd, 2016 Climate Projections Consensus ADAPTED FROM THE BOSTON RESEARCH ADVISORY GROUP REPORT MAY 2016 WHAT S IN STORE FOR BOSTON S CLIMATE?
More informationSuppressed Surface Heating over northwestern parts of the Country and the ensuing Monsoon Rainfall
Suppressed Surface Heating over northwestern parts of the Country and the ensuing Monsoon Rainfall During this year, the temperatures have been below normal over north and northwestern parts of India.
More informationClimate-change studies in the western Himalaya
Annals of Glaciology 51(54) 2010 105 Climate-change studies in the western Himalaya M.S. SHEKHAR, H. CHAND, S. KUMAR, K. SRINIVASAN, A. GANJU Research and Development Centre, Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment
More informationPrediction of western disturbances and associated weather over Western Himalayas
Prediction of western disturbances and associated weather over Western Himalayas H. R. Hatwar*, B. P. Yadav and Y. V. Rama Rao India Meteorological Department, Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India Two cases
More informationFuture Climate Change
Future Climate Change How do you know whether to trust a prediction about the future? All predictions are based on global circulation models (GCMs, AOGCMs) - model accuracy is verified by its ability to
More information4/29/2011. Mid-latitude cyclones form along a
Chapter 10: Cyclones: East of the Rocky Mountain Extratropical Cyclones Environment prior to the development of the Cyclone Initial Development of the Extratropical Cyclone Early Weather Along the Fronts
More informationWhat a Hurricane Needs to Develop
Massive Storms! Hurricanes What a Hurricane Needs to Develop Warm tropical water - at least 80 F High Humidity Light wind Low Pressure Area Form between 5 and 20 latitude Hurricane Ingredients Hurricane
More informationWhat is the largest country in the world? Russia
What is the largest country in the world? #1 Russia CSCOPE 2007 2 Russia Dimensions #2-3 Spans 11 Time Zones From East to West: Gulf of Finland to Alaska From North to South: Above the Arctic Circle to
More informationVariations of snow cover in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China between 1960 and 1999
420 Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 53, No. 182, 2007 Variations of snow cover in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China between 1960 and 1999 YANG Jianping, DING Yongjian, LIU Shiyin,
More informationJanuary 2006 Climate Summary
Ashley Brooks (765) 494-6574 Feb 9, 2006 http://www.iclimate.org January 1-3 January 2006 Climate Summary Unseasonably warm conditions welcomed in the New Year with highs in the 40s across the northern
More informationWorld geography 3200/3202 Unit 2 review
World geography 3200/3202 Unit 2 review 1. Does this statement use the terms revolve & rotate correctly? "Saturn revolves on its axis while several moons rotate around it." 2. Does this statement use the
More informationClimate Variability and Change Past, Present and Future An Overview
Climate Variability and Change Past, Present and Future An Overview Dr Jim Salinger National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Auckland, New Zealand INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON REDUCING VULNERABILITY
More informationLecture 28: Observed Climate Variability and Change
Lecture 28: Observed Climate Variability and Change 1. Introduction This chapter focuses on 6 questions - Has the climate warmed? Has the climate become wetter? Are the atmosphere/ocean circulations changing?
More informationClimate Modeling: From the global to the regional scale
Climate Modeling: From the global to the regional scale Filippo Giorgi Abdus Salam ICTP, Trieste, Italy ESA summer school on Earth System Monitoring and Modeling Frascati, Italy, 31 July 11 August 2006
More informationClimate and the Atmosphere
Climate and Biomes Climate Objectives: Understand how weather is affected by: 1. Variations in the amount of incoming solar radiation 2. The earth s annual path around the sun 3. The earth s daily rotation
More informationElements of weather and climate Temperature Range of temperature Seasonal temperature pattern Rainfall
Climate Earth Science Chapter 20 Pages 560-573 Elements of weather and climate Temperature Range of temperature Seasonal temperature pattern Rainfall Overall rainfall Seasonal distribution of rainfall
More informationOur climate system is based on the location of hot and cold air mass regions and the atmospheric circulation created by trade winds and westerlies.
CLIMATE REGIONS Have you ever wondered why one area of the world is a desert, another a grassland, and another a rainforest? Or have you wondered why are there different types of forests and deserts with
More informationWeather and Climate Summary and Forecast Winter
Weather and Climate Summary and Forecast Winter 2016-17 Gregory V. Jones Southern Oregon University February 7, 2017 What a difference from last year at this time. Temperatures in January and February
More informationGeographical location and climatic condition of the
Geographical location and climatic condition of the study sites North eastern region of India is comprised of eight states namely; Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim
More informationThe Global Scope of Climate. The Global Scope of Climate. Keys to Climate. Chapter 8
The Global Scope of Climate Chapter 8 The Global Scope of Climate In its most general sense, climate is the average weather of a region, but except where conditions change very little during the course
More informationSnowmelt Runoff Modelling under Projected Climate Change Patterns in the Gilgit River Basin of Northern Pakistan
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 26, No. 2 (2017), 525-542 DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/66719 Original Research Snowmelt Runoff Modelling under Projected Climate Change Patterns in the Gilgit River Basin of Northern
More informationModule 11: Meteorology Topic 3 Content: Climate Zones Notes
Introduction Latitude is such an important climate factor that you can make generalizations about a location's climate based on its latitude. Areas near the equator or the low latitudes are generally hot
More informationCH. 3: Climate and Vegetation
CH. 3: Climate and Vegetation GROUP WORK RUBRIC Score of 50 (5): Superior - 100% A 5 is superior work, and has completed all requirements of the assignments, it is in order and its presentation is almost
More informationGeography Class XI Fundamentals of Physical Geography Section A Total Periods : 140 Total Marks : 70. Periods Topic Subject Matter Geographical Skills
Geography Class XI Fundamentals of Physical Geography Section A Total Periods : 140 Total Marks : 70 Sr. No. 01 Periods Topic Subject Matter Geographical Skills Nature and Scope Definition, nature, i)
More informationGlacier Monitoring: WAPDA s Initiative in the Upper Indus Basin
Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) Glacier Monitoring & Research Centre Glacier Monitoring: WAPDA s Initiative in the Upper Indus Basin Asim Rauf Khan, Project Director GMRC WAPDA 17-18
More informationThe City School. Pakistan Studies 2059/02 Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan Class 9
The City School Prep + Senior -1Section Pakistan Studies 2059/02 Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan Class 9 Name: Class: The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheet for Intervention
More informationPresentation Overview. Southwestern Climate: Past, present and future. Global Energy Balance. What is climate?
Southwestern Climate: Past, present and future Mike Crimmins Climate Science Extension Specialist Dept. of Soil, Water, & Env. Science & Arizona Cooperative Extension The University of Arizona Presentation
More informationComparison of Interpolation Methods for Precipitation Data in a mountainous Region (Upper Indus Basin-UIB)
Comparison of Interpolation Methods for Precipitation Data in a mountainous Region (Upper Indus Basin-UIB) AsimJahangir Khan, Doctoral Candidate, Department of Geohydraulicsand Engineering Hydrology, University
More informationSeasonal Variation of Rainy Days in Pakistan
Pakistan Journal of Meteorology Vol. 9, Issue 18: Jan 2013 Seasonal Variation of Rainy Days in Pakistan Naheed, G. 1, 2, D. H. Kazmi 2, G. Rasul 2 ABSTRACT Monsoon precipitation (one of the major rainfall
More informationGlobal warming and Extremes of Weather. Prof. Richard Allan, Department of Meteorology University of Reading
Global warming and Extremes of Weather Prof. Richard Allan, Department of Meteorology University of Reading Extreme weather climate change Recent extreme weather focusses debate on climate change Can we
More informationExtreme Rainfall in the Southeast U.S.
Extreme Rainfall in the Southeast U.S. David F. Zierden Florida State Climatologist Center for Ocean Atmospheric Prediction Studies The Florida State University March 7, 2016 Causes of Extreme Rainfall
More informationWind: Global Systems Chapter 10
Wind: Global Systems Chapter 10 General Circulation of the Atmosphere General circulation of the atmosphere describes average wind patterns and is useful for understanding climate Over the earth, incoming
More informationSEASONAL CLIMATE OUTLOOK VALID FOR JULY-AUGUST- SEPTEMBER 2013 IN WEST AFRICA, CHAD AND CAMEROON
SEASONAL CLIMATE OUTLOOK VALID FOR JULY-AUGUST- SEPTEMBER 2013 IN WEST AFRICA, CHAD AND CAMEROON May 29, 2013 ABUJA-Federal Republic of Nigeria 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Given the current Sea Surface and sub-surface
More information1 What Is Climate? TAKE A LOOK 2. Explain Why do areas near the equator tend to have high temperatures?
CHAPTER 17 1 What Is Climate? SECTION Climate BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is climate? What factors affect climate? How do climates differ
More informationThe City School PAF Chapter
The City School PAF Chapter Geography Intervention workbook (1 st Term) Class 7 Topic: weather and climate Section A Q1. Fill in the blanks. [ /10] 1. The world can be divided into three broad climatic
More informationVerification of the Seasonal Forecast for the 2005/06 Winter
Verification of the Seasonal Forecast for the 2005/06 Winter Shingo Yamada Tokyo Climate Center Japan Meteorological Agency 2006/11/02 7 th Joint Meeting on EAWM Contents 1. Verification of the Seasonal
More informationWorld Geography Chapter 3
World Geography Chapter 3 Section 1 A. Introduction a. Weather b. Climate c. Both weather and climate are influenced by i. direct sunlight. ii. iii. iv. the features of the earth s surface. B. The Greenhouse
More informationFlood Risk Assessment
Flood Risk Assessment February 14, 2008 Larry Schick Army Corps of Engineers Seattle District Meteorologist General Assessment As promised, La Nina caused an active winter with above to much above normal
More informationImpacts of the climate change on the precipitation regime on the island of Cyprus
Impacts of the climate change on the precipitation regime on the island of Cyprus Michael Petrakis, Christos Giannakopoulos, Giannis Lemesios Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development,
More informationThe North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact
1 The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact James W. Hurrell National Center for Atmospheric Research Climate and Global Dynamics Division, Climate Analysis Section
More informationMDA WEATHER SERVICES AG WEATHER OUTLOOK. Kyle Tapley-Senior Agricultural Meteorologist May 22, 2014 Chicago, IL
MDA WEATHER SERVICES AG WEATHER OUTLOOK Kyle Tapley-Senior Agricultural Meteorologist May 22, 2014 Chicago, IL GLOBAL GRAIN NORTH AMERICA 2014 Agenda Spring Recap North America Forecast El Niño Discussion
More informationJEFF JOHNSON S Winter Weather Outlook
JEFF JOHNSON S 2017-2018 Winter Weather Outlook TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHOR Components of the seasonal outlook... 2 ENSO state/ocean temperatures... 3 Sub-seasonal outlooks... 4 Forecast models...
More informationAIR MASSES SOURCE REGION CHARACTERISTICS Continental Arctic (ca) Greenland, Antarctica, Highest latitudes of Asia and North America
GEOGRAPHY CLIMATOLOGY AIRMASS, FRONT AND TEMPERATE CYCLONE AIRMASS A large body of air having little horizontal variation in temperature and moisture is called an airmass. Airmass acquires its properties
More informationDescription DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION The location of the Upper James Watershed is located in northeastern South Dakota as well as southeastern North Dakota. It includes the following counties located in North Dakota Barnes, Dickey,
More informationStudy of Changes in Climate Parameters at Regional Level: Indian Scenarios
Study of Changes in Climate Parameters at Regional Level: Indian Scenarios S K Dash Centre for Atmospheric Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Climate Change and Animal Populations - The golden
More informationAll objects emit radiation. Radiation Energy that travels in the form of waves Waves release energy when absorbed by an object. Earth s energy budget
Radiation Energy that travels in the form of waves Waves release energy when absorbed by an object Example: Sunlight warms your face without necessarily heating the air Shorter waves carry more energy
More informationEvidence for Weakening of Indian Summer Monsoon and SA CORDEX Results from RegCM
Evidence for Weakening of Indian Summer Monsoon and SA CORDEX Results from RegCM S K Dash Centre for Atmospheric Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Based on a paper entitled Projected Seasonal
More informationGlobal Wind Patterns
Name: Earth Science: Date: Period: Global Wind Patterns 1. Which factor causes global wind patterns? a. changes in the distance between Earth and the Moon b. unequal heating of Earth s surface by the Sun
More informationFukien Secondary School Monthly Vocabulary/Expression List for EMI Subjects Secondary Two. Subject: Geography
Focus: General Specific : Section Two : Unit One 1 Landslide 2 Downslope movement 3 Rock 4 Soil 5 Gravity 6 Natural hazard 7 Rainwater 8 Friction 9 Hilly relief 10 Unstable 11 Season 12 Saturated 13 Construction
More information