Atoms and Elements. 1. Biohazardous infectious material. 2. Corrosive material. 4. Flammable and combustible material.

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1 **THIS IS NOT A COMPLETE REVIEW. READ ALL COURSE NOTES, GO THROUGH THE WORKBOOK, HANDOUTS, QUIZZES, and know all VOCABULARY ** Start at least 1 week before exam Break the material into sections Take a study break every min Plan ahead to lower anxiety on the day of the exam Look at quizzes/tests to pick which topics to focus on If you are stuck, highlight the question and ASK later Atoms and Elements Essential Outcomes Place a check mark next to the question when you feel you have it down What are the symbols of the first 20 elements and other common ones? What symbols and systems help people use chemicals safely at home, work and for the environment? How do you classify matter using the words: element, compound, atom, molecule, mixture and pure? What properties classify elements as metals, non-metals or metalloids? How do you identify physical and chemical change and if a chemical reaction has taken place? 1. Give the following elemental symbols or names: Calcium - Ca Fluorine - F Neon - Ne Copper - Cu Tin - Sn Mg - magnesium Li - lithium Au - gold Ag - silver Al - aluminum 2. Match the WHMIS symbols to their meanings: E 1. Biohazardous infectious material. a. b. c. d. e. B A C D 2. Corrosive material. 3. Material causing immediate and serious toxic effects. 4. Flammable and combustible material. 5. Irritating and allergic material. 3. What is the difference between WHMIS and HHPS and what does each involve? WHMIS: Must have labels and SDSs. For industrial hazards. HHPS: Labels on consumer/household goods. Simpler, fewer symbols

2 4. Briefly define each term and give an example of each: a) An element: pure substance composed of atoms, found on the Periodic table gold (Au) b) An atom: the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of the element (one atom of gold) c) A compound: pure substance made of more than one type of atom sodium chloride (NaCl) d) A molecule: the smallest particle of a compound that has the properties of the compound. (one molecule of water) e) A homogenous mixture: 2 different substance that can t be distinguished or easily separated. (sugar and water of Coke) f) A heterogeneous mixture: able to see/distinguish the 2 substances and physically separate them (salt and pepper in one shaker) g) A metalloid: element around the staircase has properties between metals and nonmetals. (Boron, Silicon) 5. Explain what these properties describe for metals and nonmetals (if possible). a) Lustre: ability to reflect light - metals have high lustre (shiny), nonmetals low lustre (dull) b) Malleability: ability to be shaped metals are high malleability, nonmetals are low (brittle) c) Ductility: ability to be pulled into wire metals are highly ductile, nonmetals have low ductility d) Viscosity: resistance to flow (thickness of a liquid). e) Solubility: ability to dissolve in a solvent (like water). f) Combustible: capable of catching fire and burning. 6. Give an example of a physical change and a chemical change. P - Ice melting, water boiling, crushing a tin can. C - Lighting a match, burning anything, a car rusting.

3 7. Define the difference between a physical and a chemical change? Physical changes come from testing physical property resulting in changes in state/phase or shape. (think testing hardness of a desk by smashing it with a hammer it s still a desk, a broken desk) Chemical changes come from testing chemical property resulting in a chemical REACTION that leaves behind a NEW compound with DIFFERENT properties. (think testing combustion of a desk by lighting it on fire it s not a desk, now its soot, ash, and smoke) 8. What happens in a chemical reaction? Atoms combine and exchange electrons to complete a full valence shell. Resulting in a new chemical compound(s) with new properties. (solid sodium and chlorine gas react to make table salt) 9. What are some of the signs that a chemical reaction has taken place? Change in ( ) smell, colour, energy, formation of a precipitate, new gas formed, not reversible. 10. Indicate whether each of the following is a physical or a chemical change. Explain: a) Water boiling in a kettle. P just a state change, reversible b) Fireworks exploding in the sky C not reversible, energy, smell c) Sugar dissolving in water. P just a state change, reversilbe d) Pennies added to Nitric acid. C not reversible, new gas is formed, energy Extension Outcomes Place a check mark next to the question when you feel you have it down What is the basic subatomic structure of an atom? How do you use atomic number and atomic mass to identify parts of the atom? How do you draw an atom using a Bohr Diagram? How is the Periodic Table organized for the elements and what patterns exist? 11. What is a subatomic particle? Give some information about them. Small particles that make up the atom: Protons weighs 1 amu, carry a positive 1 charge, found in the nucleus. Electons has no mass, carry a negative 1 charge, found in orbits around the nucleus. Neutrons weighs 1 amu, carry no charge, found in the nucleus. 12. Which of the following best describes atoms? a) Nucleus contains electrons and neutrons; nucleus is surrounded by protons b) Nucleus contains neutrons; nucleus is surrounded by protons and electrons Nucleus contains protons and electrons; nucleus is surrounded by neutrons c) Nucleus contains protons and neutrons; nucleus is surrounded by electrons

4 13. The number of protons in an atom can be determined from the Same as the ATOMIC NUMBER. 14. How do you find the number of neutrons? At. Mass At. # = number of neutrons 15. Complete this table: *Note that the mass is for any particular atom could be an isotope. Proton # Electron # Neutron # At. Mass At. # Element Symbol Neon Ne Nitrogen N Aluminum Al Phosphorus P Carbon C 16. How many valence electrons are in the outer orbit of sodium, a member of the alkali metals? Column one - ONE valence electron. 17. How many electrons are allowed to a maximum in each orbit? 1 st shell 2, 2 nd shell 8, 3 rd shell Draw a complete Bohr model for sodium. 11p + 12n o Chemical symbol Na Atomic #: 11 p + : 11 n o : 12 e - : Use a periodic table to identify these elements. a) Metal in period 5, group 11 Silver (Ag) b) Element with atomic mass 16.0 amu Oxygen (O) c) Metalloid in the second period Boron (B) d) Metal in period 3 most likely to have an ion charge of +3 Aluminum (Al) e) Halogen with atoms heavier than sulphur s and an atomic number less than selenium Chlorine (Cl)

5 20. Label the 5 chemical families: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Chalcogens, Halogens, Noble gases. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) What is the definition of a chemical family? A column of similar elements that have been given a specific column name. We know 5 chemical families, as labeled in the above Periodic Table. 22. What is meant by the term group in the periodic table? a) A collection of elements in the same period b) A collection of elements that are all solids c) A column of elements with similar properties (all families are groups, but not all groups are families) d) A horizontal row of elements Exploration Outcomes Why do families react differently during chemical reactions? How do you use a formula to find the elements in the molecule and the number of atoms of each element? How did each person contribute to our understanding of matter? 23. What is the charge on calcium when it forms an ion? Loses 2 electrons: What is the charge that results when a halogen forms an ion? Gains 1 electron: What family is the most unreactive? Why? Noble (Inert) gases, since there valence shell is full. They don t require to lose or gain any electrons and thus avoid chemical reactions.

6 26. Draw and label a Sulphur ion. 11p + 12n o Chemical symbol: S -2 Atomic #: 16 p + : 16 n o : 16 e - : 18 (16 + 2) 27. Given the following formulas, how many of each element is in a molecule of that substance? a) H2O Hydrogen: 2 Oxygen: 1 b) 3 C3H8 Carbon: 3 x 3 = 9 Hydrogen: 8 x 3 = 24 c) 2 Mg3(PO4)2 Magnesium: 3 x 2 = 6 Phosphorus: 1 x 2 x 2 = 4 Oxygen: 4 x 2 x 2 = Show with an example the difference between a subscript and a coefficient. Coefficient is the number of particles you have (number in front): 3 NaCl Subscript is the number of atoms in the particle (small lower number): O2 29. Explain the atomic model developed by these men. a. Bohr: placed electrons in organized orbits around the nucleus instead of randomly around b. Rutherford: discovered the proton and predicted that the atom was mostly space with a dense (+) nucleus an electrons whizzing around. c. Dalton: proposed the first atomic theory with atoms as hard indivisible masses. d. Thomson: discovered the electron and proposed the atom was a positive mass with negative charges stuck in it.

7 Reproduction Essential Outcomes Place a check mark next to the question when you feel you have it down How are the terms DNA, chromosome, genes, and trait connected? Why do cells divide and how does it work? What role do gametes play in reproduction? What parts make up the male and female sex systems and what is the function of each part? 30. Which of the following is a trait? a) Age b) Eye colour c) Name d) Number of siblings 31. What does DNA do when a cell is ready to divide? a) Divides into 46 parts b) Divides into two parts c) Folds up into a chromosome d) Unfolds into a gene 32. What must happen in a nucleus before it can undergo mitosis? a) Grow b) Double c) Change colour d) Disappear 33. What occurs during interphase? a) Chromosomes pair up at the centre of the cell. b) The cell grows and DNA and organelles are duplicated. c) The cell rests. d) The cell splits into two separate cells. 34. Which of the following is the correct order of the three stages of the cell cycle? a) cytokinesis, replication, interphase b) interphase, cytokinesis, mitosis c) interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis d) interphase, replication, cytokinesis 35. This question refers to Figure 1 below. The correct sequence of events in mitosis a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 b) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 c) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 d) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

8 36. Which of the following is only true for mitosis? a) Cells divide twice b) Gamete cells are produced c) Genetically different cells are made d) Genetically identical cells are made 37. Mitosis occurs in. a) Plants b) Humans c) Monkeys d) All of the above. 38. Meiosis occurs in. a) Plants b) Humans c) Monkeys d) All of the above. 39. Diploid cells have. a) 23 pairs of chromosomes b) 46 pairs of chromosomes c) 23 chromosomes d) A and B are correct 40. Asexual reproduction does not occur in a) Plants b) Starfish c) Bacteria d) Rabbits 41. Asexual reproduction provides for a) Lots of variation b) Lots of evolution c) Little variation d) Zero variation 42. Which of the following is the correct order in sexual reproduction? a) fertilization, meiosis, gamete, zygote b) gamete, fertilization, meiosis, zygote c) gamete, meiosis, fertilization, zygote d) meiosis, gamete, fertilization, zygote 43. In any oocyte cell, the sex chromosomes is/are. a) X b) XY c) XX d) Y 44. Which of the following is the biggest disadvantage of asexual reproduction? a) Less energy is required b) Produces many offspring c) Colonies are produced quickly d) Offspring are genetic clones 45. What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction? a) Fewer offspring are produced. b) The embryo is protected from dehydration. c) The offspring are genetically different from the parents. d) Very little energy is required to find a mate.

9 46. Label what parts you can of the following reproductive systems diagrams.

10 Extension Outcomes How does a fertilized egg turn into a baby and what determines the gender? How are the features of the parents inherited to create unique offspring? What are some ways plants and animals improve their chances to reproduce? How can lifestyle choices affect your genetics and development? 47. Describe how the hormones progesterone and estrogen work during ovulation and menstruation. Estrogen is produced by the maturing oocyte (follicle) and stimulates the buildup of the endometrial lining. After ovulation the follicle becomes the corpus luteum and release progesterone to maintain the endometrial lining in case of fertilization. No fertilization, the hormones levels drop and the endometrial lining is discarded during menstruation. 48. True or False if false change the bold word to make it correct a) Matching chromosomes are called homologous pairs and are important during mitosis? F - meiosis b) Haploid means having two sets of chromosomes? F - diploid c) Specialized organs to make specialized cells are called zygotes? F - gonads d) Meiosis occurs in the testes producing sperm with 23 chromosomes? T e) In both males and females you can have a Y chromosome? F - X f) Sperm is deposited in the vaginal canal which leads into the ovary? F cervix/uterus 49. Create a legend and draw a Punnett square showing a cross between a man, heterozygous for long nose, and a homozygous recessive woman. L l Dominant L Ll ll Recessive l l Ll ll 50. State the phenotypic and genotypic ratios for the above Punnett square: 50% homozygous recessive, 50% heterozygous 50% long nose, 50% short nose 51. Give the genotype of the following individuals (use the obvious Dominant and Recessive symbols): a) A woman who has brown hair but has given birth to a blonde child. Bb b) A man with a recessive narrow nose. nn c) A man who is heterozygous for having freckles. Ff

11 52. Give the phenotype of the following individuals (use the above questions for trait guidance): a) Nose width genotype is NN. Wide nose b) Hair colour genotype (dark or blonde) is Bb. Dark hair c) Freckles genotype is ff. no freckles 53. Explain the following in your own terms, in one short sentence with an example if possible. Term Description Example Alleles Different versions of a gene/trait Brown and blue eyes Heredity Passing on of alleles/genes during sexual reproduction Recessive The alleles that is only expressed if two copies are present Blue eyes - bb Hybrid Having both the dominant and recessive alleles for a trait Bb Homozygous Having either both dominant alleles, or both recessive alleles BB or bb Phenotype The physical expression of a gene/trait (looks) Bb having brown eyes 54. What is an adaptation and how does it drive the evolution of a species? Adaptations are variations that occur during sexual reproduction that give an individual a environmental advantage over individuals without that particular variation. Adaptations that provide this advantage are passed to the next generation and the species evolves with accumulated positive adaptations. (a tiger with longer claws then its mates might be a better hunter it passes this trait on while the shorter clawed tigers starve to death over time, tigers have longer claws) 55. What is a mutagen? a) A change in a gene on a chromosome b) A chemical that changes a gene c) A substance that causes DNA changes d) An organism with altered DNA 56. Which of the following is an example of a natural mutagen? a) Cigarette smoke b) Cleaning chemicals c) Industrial waste d) Virus

12 57. For a mutation to be inherited, it must occur in which of the following types of cells? a) Cancer cell b) Gamete cell c) Muscle cell d) Skin cell 58. Which of the following correctly describes cancer cell growth? a) Cancer cell growth is highly controlled. b) Cancer cells are unspecialized. c) Cancer cells cannot move to new locations. d) Cancer cells have no nucleus. 59. Match the following terms with the correct description (one description will not be used) Key Term Definition C cervix A. the process where an egg cell is penetrated by a sperm cell I trait B. a picture of all the chromosomes taken from body cells during mitosis A fertilization C. the opening of the uterus which dilates during child birth do allow delivery F fetus D. a particular disease or disorder with a specific group of symptoms N gametes E. the process that completely separates the two nuclei into two daughter cells H genome F. an embryo at eight weeks of development, with bone cells forming T gene G. the asexual process where a parent cell divides into two equal daughter cells J meiosis H. consists of the full set of genetic material that makes up an organism E cytokinesis I. feature that varies from individual to individual Q ovaries J. the cell process and that produces haploid gametes V scrotum K. a fertilized cell that has the combined female and male parent chromosomes D syndrome L. muscular tubes that moves sperm from the testes to the urethra W budding M. structures that carry the sperm cells in a protective case to the ovules G binary fission N. specialized cells necessary for reproduction U chromosome O. protects and nourishes the zygote during development S testes P. the area where sperm are deposited, and through which the baby leaves the body R oviducts Q. produce female gametes by meiosis and release hormones O uterus R. the most common location of fertilization P vagina S. produce male gametes by meiosis and release hormones L vas deferens T. small segments of DNA located at specific places on a chromosome K zygote U. long-stranded DNA chain that carries instructions for cell activities B karyotype V. protects the testes helps maintain a constant lower temperature W. asexual process where part of a cell pushes outward to form an outgrowth or bud

13 Nature of Electricity Essential Outcomes Place a check mark next to the question when you feel you have it down How does the Atomic Model help to explain static electricity? What is Electricity and how is it created? What do current, voltage and resistance mean for electrons? What is a schematic and how are they used as information for a circuit? 60. Friction between two objects produces what? a) Neutral charge b) More electrons c) Electric charges d) More protons 61. Two positive charges will? a) Repel b) Attract c) Do nothing d) Not enough information to answer 62. A charged object will do what with a neutral object? a) Repel b) Depends if the charge is positive or negative c) Attract d) Do nothing 63. Two charged objects are located near one another. Circle the correct term in the brackets to complete each sentence. a) Increasing the charge on one of the objects (increases / decreases) the force between the two charged objects. b) Increasing the distance between the two objects (increases / decreases) the force between the two charged objects. c) Decreasing the distance between the two objects (increases / decreases) the force between the two charged objects. 64. Draw negative ( ) signs and positive (+) signs in the blank rectangles to represent each charge. (a) neutral (b) negative (c) positive Explain the difference between an insulator and a conductor: Insulators keep electrons localized (in one place), while conductors allow electrons to move freely a) Give an example of an insulator: glass, wood, plastic, rubber b) Give an example of a conductor: metals, skin

14 66. Which is not a common energy source used to produce constant electrical energy? a) Photovoltaic cells b) Friction c) Piezoelectric crystals d) Thermocouples 67. Which statement correctly defines the difference between static electricity and current electricity? a) In static electricity, the charge stays in one place, whereas current electricity is the flow of charge in a circuit. b) Static electricity is the flow of charge in a circuit, whereas in current electricity the charge stays in one place. c) Static electricity is the flow of negative charge, whereas current electricity is the flow of positive charge. d) Static electricity is the flow of positive charge, whereas current electricity is the flow of negative charge. 68. Which is not an electric load? a) Battery b) Buzzer c) Light bulb d) Resistor 69. What is the purpose of an ohmmeter? a) To measure charge b) To measure current c) To measure resistance d) To measure voltage 70. When drawing schematics the side terminal is positive a) Blue b) Long c) Negative d) Short 71. What is voltage? a) Speed of electrons b) Energy of electrons c) Amount of electrons d) Number of electrons 72. Identify the following symbols: resistor ammeter battery voltmeter 73. Draw a series circuit with a 3V battery, a switch, an ammeter, and a lamp.

15 74. Draw a schematic diagram for the picture circuit below. Extension Outcomes What are the similarities and differences between series and parallel circuits? How is a household wired to ensure safety? What is electrical power and how does it vary in appliances? How can you lower electrical energy use of a household? 75. Which best represents a series pathway? a) Driving across Canada b) Going through the checkouts at a large grocery store c) Running laps on an oval track d) Walking home from school 76. Two identical resistors are connected in series to a battery. How does the current through the second resistor compare to the current through the first resistor? a) Half the current b) No current c) The same current d) Twice the current 77. Two identical resistors are connected in parallel to a battery. How does the voltage across the second resistor compare to the voltage across the first resistor? a) Half the voltage b) Half the voltage of the battery c) The same voltage d) Twice the voltage 78. A load is connected to a battery. If a second identical load is added in parallel to the first, what happens to the total resistance of the circuit and the current leaving the battery? a) Total resistance decreases and the current decreases. b) Total resistance decreases and the current increases. c) Total resistance increases and the current decreases. d) Total resistance increases and the current increases.

16 79. Consider the circuit diagram below. (a) Are the resistors in the above circuit connected in series or parallel? Series (b) Determine the voltage at V, current at A for the missing values. 4 V 2.0 A 80. Match the term on the left with the proper descriptor. (One descriptor will not be used) Term Descriptor J H C I D K A G B E coulomb current joules Ohm s law power resistance series circuit parallel circuit static charge voltage A. only one path for current to travel B. charge that remains in one location C. unit of energy D. the rate in which energy is transformed E. amount of energy per unit of charge F. ability to do work G. more than one path for current to travel H. continuous flow of charge I. relationship of voltage, current, and resistance J. unit of charge K. slows down current and changes electrical energy into other forms 81. Which is not a factor of household wiring? a) It is wired in parallel b) It is wired in series c) It can be 120 or 240 V d) It uses alternating (AC) current 82. What is the difference between a fuse and a circuit breaker? A fuse melts with increased current killing the circuit and preventing fire. A circuit breaker bends or shifts with increased current to kill the circuit, and can be reset it doesn t need to be replaced like a melted fuse. 83. What is the energy consumption of an 1800 W microwave oven used for 30 min? a) 0.90 kwh b) 54 kwh c) 900 kwh d) kwh

17 84. A W resistor is connected to a 60 kv high power line. What is the current, in (A) through this resistor? 60 kv x 1000 V/1 kv = V P = VI I = P/V = W/ V = 0.2 A 85. Describe two ways of conserving energy in the home. Select appliances with higher Energy Star ratings; replaced incandescant bulbs with halogen or CFLs; shut of power bars to appliances when not in use (as opposed to just leaving it in sleep mode). Exploration Outcomes What were some early models to explain electricity and how did scientific understanding change? How is an electroscope used to tell if an object is charged? 86. An electroscope measures? a) The flow of current b) The presence of charge c) The amount of resistance d) All of the above 87. If a rubber rod is rubbed with rabbit fur the rod: a) Stays neutral b) Becomes negatively charged c) Not enough information to answer d) becomes positively charged 88. When testing an unknown charge, the only certain way to identify the type of charge is to observe its repulsion with a known charge. Explain why. Since neutral objects attract both (+) and (-) charges, to be certain you must use repulsion to guarantee the charge of the object. 89. An electroscope that is charged positive would have its metal leaves separated. A negatively charged rod is brought close to, but not touching the positive electroscope. What would the metal leaves do? a) Become negatively charged b) Move closer together c) Move farther apart d) Not move 90. List a couple differences between charging by conduction and charging by induction? Conduction involves letting a charged object come into contact with a neutral object to impart the same charge as the charged object. Induction involves no contact, and instead uses grounding to impart the opposite charge as the charged object. 91. Which best describes a neutral solid object that is charged by conduction? a) The electrons in the neutral object transfer onto a positively charged object. b) The electrons in the neutral solid object relocate when a charged object is brought near. c) The protons in the neutral object transfer onto a negatively charged object. d) The protons in the neutral solid object relocate when a charged object is brought near. 92. Which best describes a neutral solid object that is charged by induction? a) The electrons in the neutral object relocate when a charged object is brought near. b) The electrons in the neutral object transfer onto a positively charged object. c) The protons in the neutral object relocate when a charged object is brought near. d) The protons in the neutral object transfer onto a negatively charged object.

18 Exploring the Universe Essential Outcomes Place a check mark next to the question when you feel you have it down Why were the position and motion of visible celestial objects important to past cultures? How was the process of science important in showing the sun is the centre of our solar system? How does the position and motion of Earth produce day/night, the phases of the moon, and the seasons? What objects make up our solar system and Universe? 93. Why did humans begin to analyze the solar system? Celestial object patterns were used for spiritual ceremonies, navigation, tracking growing seasons and predicting weather patterns. 94. Who develop the ideas of helio and geocentric and what do the mean? Geocentric; the idea that the Earth is the centre of our solar system was proposed by Ptolemy. Heliocentric; the idea that the Sun is the centre of our solar system was mathematically proven by Copernicus, and later proven with visual evidence by Galileo. 95. How much time is there between full moons? a) 1 day b) 1 month c) 1 weeks d) 1 year 96. What direction do celestial bodies move across the sky? a) Towards the North b) Towards the East c) Towards the South d) Towards the West 97. Draw a quick diagram to show the revolution of Earth and its effect on seasons. Winter tilted away, indirect sunlight Summer tilted towards, direct sunlight 98. What do the term spring equinox and summer solstice mean? Equinox is the day with exactly 12 hours of sunlight and 12 hours of darkness (spring and fall equinox). Solstice is the day of extreme maximum amount of sunlight (summer solstice), or minimum of sunlight (winter solstice). These days are based on Earth s location in its orbit. 99. What does the sun give off? a) Heat b) Light c) Energy d) All of the above 100. Explain the difference between fusion and fission reactions. Give an example of each. Fusion reactions release energy by fusing or joining to atoms (Sun). Fission reactions release energy by splitting or breaking an atom (atomic bomb, nuclear power plants).

19 101. The nuclear reaction on the sun that produces light uses the element. a) Oxygen b) Helium c) Carbon d) Hydrogen 102. Which of the following shapes is not characteristic of a galaxy? a) Spiral b) Triangular c) Elliptical d) Irregular 103. What object is most likely the birthplace of stars? a) Black holes b) Supernova c) Nebula d) Neutron star 104. stars swell near the end of their life cycle into red giants. a) Yellow b) Red c) Blue d) White 105. The order of planets in the solar system (from the sun) are as follows: a) Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Earth, Mars, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto b) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, Pluto c) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Pluto d) Mercury, Mars, Earth, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto 106. are large pieces of ice that orbit the sun. a) Asteroids b) Meteors c) Comets d) Meteoroids 107. The Milky Way is a) The Sun b) A nickname for our solar system c) A celestial object d) The galaxy containing our Sun and Earth 108. The area between Mars and Jupiter is a) Asteroid belt b) Kuiper belt c) Orion s belt d) Oort cloud 109. Describe the basic life cycle of a star. All sttars are born in nebula. They have a life (main sequence), and a death depending on their size. Smaller stars (red dwarfs) fade into white dwarfs after exhausting their nuclear fuel. Medium stars go supernova leaving behind a neutron star, or if smaller swell into red giants and fade into white dwarfs. Larger stars swell then go supernova and may leave behind black holes.

20 Extension Outcomes How do astronomers measure the great distances in the universe? What can an astronomer learn about a star by looking at light? What is the purpose of the various objects humans put in space? 110. A light year is a measurement of a) Distance b) Time c) Speed d) Brightness 111. The colour of a star depends on its a) Temperature b) Size c) Distance d) Position 112. What term is used to describe the actual amount of light given off by a star at a standard distance? a) The spectrum b) The apparent magnitude c) The absolute magnitude d) The actual magnitude 113. Which of the following instruments can be used to separate white light into its component colours? a) A photometer b) A CCD camera c) A spectroscope d) A refractor 114. Which of the following colours of light has the shortest wavelength? a) Red b) Green c) Blue d) Violet 115. Choose the most appropriate term for the study of the origin and changes of the universe. a) Astronomy b) Astrology c) Cosmology d) Cosmetology 116. What is red-shift and what does it tell us about our universe? Red-shift is the phenomenon where light moving away from an observer is stretch and appears redder than its actual colour. Since the spectra of all stars and galaxies exhibit the Red-shift when their light is analized, it means the objects are moving away from us and the universe is expanding which is evidence for the Big Bang Describe some of the robotic objects currently exploring space and their jobs. Rovers robots that land on the surface and explore and collect material. Probes robots that stay in space and collect data and images ISS manned space station where astronauts collect data and conduct experiments Telescopes collect images and data

21 D3 Exploration Outcomes How can you measure the location of objects in the sky? How does the tracked location of visible celestial objects change over time? What are some current goals in Canadian and International space exploration? What risks/benefits exist with current space projects and what are the possible impacts for humans? 118. Explain how an astrolabe works to measure locations using the terms azimuth and altitude. Astrolabes are used to measure the altitude (how high in the sky) of an object, while a compass is needed to measure the azimuth (N-S coordinate). These two measurements are the coordinates for locating an object. North is 0 o azimuth, while South is 180 o ; the horizon is 0 o altitude, while directly overhead would be 90 o The main function of a telescope is a) To gather light b) To magnify objects c) To form images d) To change the path of light rays