Classification of Matter. Elements, Compounds, Mixtures
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1 Classification of Matter Elements, Compounds, Mixtures
2 Introducing Little Miss Element Hi! I am Little Miss Element I am PURE SUBSTANCE I cannot be broken down into any simpler substance by means of a chemical reaction* or electricity!
3 Elements Definition of an element: An element is a pure substance which cannot be split up into two or more simpler substances by chemical means. Sugar is not an element as it can be broken down into carbon and water.
4 Examples of elements Elements are made up of tiny particles Elements can be further classified into two groups: Is the smallest particle of an element and has the same chemical properties of the element Is made up of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together (note: these atoms are of the SAME element!!) Hi, I am from the Noble gas family and I work alone We same same!!
5 These are elements! Atoms of same element Molecules of same element Cu He H H Hydrogen gas element copper element helium element O ozone Na O O sodium element
6 An element is made of tiny particles called atoms. The atoms of an element are different from that of another element.
7 Elements Note that an element: Consists of only one kind of atom, Cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means Can exist as either atoms (ex: carbon) or molecules (ex: hydrogen).
8 What is an atom? Examples of models of atoms: H Na Cl Hydrogen atom Sodium atom Chlorine atom
9 Atoms Atoms have three parts: 1) Protons 2) Neutrons 3) Electrons.
10 Carbon Atom
11 Protons They are positively charged. Are located in the nucleus. In this picture, the protons are the blue pieces in the center of the atom.
12 Neutrons Neutrons are neither positive nor negative. Neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom. In this picture, neutrons are the purple pieces in the center of the atom.
13 Electrons Electrons orbit around an atom. In this picture, they are the small yellow bits. They have a negative charge. They are lighter than protons or neutrons.
14 Molecules A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together. They are the smallest unit that make up a compound. This is a picture of a water molecule. It is two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.
15 Chlorophyll Molecule
16 Sugar Molecule
17 Very few elements exists as atoms besides elements such as helium and neon. Molecules Most elements exist as molecules. For example, hydrogen is H 2. Ozone is O 3.
18 Examples of molecules (elements) O H H S S S O O S S N N S S S O O
19 Revision Questions What are the three parts of an atom? Name the charge of each part of an atom (whether it s negative or positive). What is a water molecule made up of? Name three things that you can find in your house that are made of compounds. Which is smaller, elements or compounds?
20 The Periodic Table
21 Chemical Symbols of Elements Chemists use symbols to represent elements. For example, O represents oxygen while Fe represents iron. Element Symbol Element Symbol Calcium Ca Mercury Hg Carbon C Neon Ne Hydrogen H Silicon Si Iron Fe Sodium Na
22 Why is the Periodic Table important to me? The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist. You get to use it on every test. It organizes lots of information about all the known elements.
23 Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry was a mess!!! No organization of elements. Imagine going to a grocery store with no organization!! Difficult to find information. Chemistry didn t make sense.
24 Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Table HOW HIS WORKED Put elements in rows by increasing atomic weight. Put elements in columns by the way they reacted. SOME PROBLEMS He left blank spaces for what he said were undiscovered elements. (Turned out he was right!)
25 The Current Periodic Table Mendeleev wasn t too far off. Now the elements are put in rows by increasing ATOMIC NUMBER!! The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled from 1 to 7. The vertical columns are called groups are labeled from 1 to 18.
26 Classification of Elements Metals and Non-metals There are two major groups of elements metals and nonmetals. Iron is a metal. Oxygen is a non-metal. Metals and non-metals are grouped separately on the Periodic Table. There are some elements called metalloids which behave like both metals and non-metals.
27
28 Groups Here s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!! Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!! Why?? They have the same number of valence electrons. They will form the same kinds of ions. (Mendeleev did that on purpose.)
29 Families on the Periodic Table Columns are also grouped into families. Families may be one column, or several columns put together. Families have names rather than numbers. (Just like your family has a common surname.)
30 Hydrogen Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own. Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas. Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg. Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles
31 Group 1 1 st column on the periodic table (Group 1) not including hydrogen. Very reactive metals, always combined with something else in nature (like in salt). Soft enough to cut with a butter knife. Ex: Sodium (Na)
32 Group 2 Second column on the periodic table. (Group 2) Reactive metals that are always combined with non-metals in nature. Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca)
33 Halogens (Group 7) Elements in group 7 Very reactive, volatile, diatomic, nonmetals Always found combined with other elements in nature. Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth. Example: Chlorine (Cl)
34 The Noble Gases
35 The Noble Gases (Group 8) Elements in group 8 VERY unreactive, monatomic gases Used in lighted neon signs Have a full valence shell.
36 Summarising Elements Metals Non Metals Atoms Atoms Molecules
37 Introducing Little Miss Compounds I am also a PURE SUBSTANCE I am made up of a fixed number of two or more elements chemically combined.
38 What is a compound? A compound is a substance which is made up of two or more elements chemically combined together. - Chemical reactions taking place. Qn: Is this a compound? Qn: Is this a compound? Qn: Is this a compound? Cu H H O H O H O It only contains one type of element. It only contains one type of element. It is not chemically combined.
39 Compounds Note that a compound: Can be broken down into the elements that make it up by chemical means. Has properties that are different from its component elements.
40 So, what is a compound then? H H H O H N H Water Ammonia gas Consists of two or more elements And They are chemically combined together!
41 Making compounds from their elements Example: Making iron sulphide compound elements compound heat Iron + sulphur iron sulphide + heat yellow grey black
42 Chemical Reactions I am formed by atoms of different elements. However, I do not have the same properties as them. Examples Na + Cl 2 NaCl (s) (g) (s) H 2 + O 2 H 2 O (g) (g) (l)
43 Molecules- Elements or compounds? A molecule consists of two or more atoms of the same element, or different elements, that are chemically bound together. It can be a molecule of an element E.g. N 2, O 2, S 8 It can be molecule of a compound. N N O O S S S S S S S S H 2 O, CO 2, NH 3 H O H O C O H H N H
44 Mixtures Definition of a mixture: A mixture is not a pure substance as it contains a mixture of atoms of molecules which are not chemically combined together.
45 Note that a mixture: Consists of two or more different elements and/or compounds NOT chemically combined. Can be separated into its components by physical means. Often has many of the properties of its component elements.
46 Mixtures Examples of mixtures include muddy water and air. Air is made up of gases such as nitrogen and oxygen mixed together.
47 Little Mr Mixture I do not have a fixed composition of the substances. A Mixture can be: element + element element + compound compound + compound Mixtures can be separated into the elements that make them up by physicals methods.
48 A mixture of 2 elements A mixture of two elements, ex: neon (Ne) and hydrogen (H 2 )
49 A mixture of 1 element and 1 compound A mixture of one element and one compound, ex: hydrogen (H 2 ) and ammonia (NH 3 )
50 A mixture of 2 compounds A mixture of two compounds, ex: water vapour (H 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
51 Can you differentiate? Mixture of 2 elements Molecules of an element Compound Mixture of element & compound Mixture of 2 elements
52 Conclusion An element is a pure substance which cannot be split up into two or more simpler substances by chemical means. A compound consist of a fixed number of different kinds of atoms chemically combined together. A mixture is not a pure substance as it contains a mixture of atoms of molecules which are not chemically combined together.
53 Comparison between mixtures and compounds Separation /breakdown Properties (chemical / physical) Mixture Components can be separated by physical methods Same properties as its components Compound Elements in a compound Cannot be separated by physical methods Properties are unique and different from its elements
54 Physical and Chemical Changes All reactions in Chemistry can be divided into two types of changes: Physical or Chemical. Physical Change: NO new substance is formed. These changes are easily reversible or temporary. An example is dissolving salt in water. Other examples of physical change include: melting, boiling, mixing 2 solids or liquids.
55 Chemical Change A NEW substance is formed. These changes are irreversible or permanent. The new substance formed will have different properties compared to its original elements. (Ex: different melting point and different chemical reactions from the original substance.)
56 Which of these is a chemical change? Why?
57 Title: Physical or Chemical? CW: Write down the differences between a physical and a chemical change Give example of physical and chemical changes.
58 What s our definition of a physical change? What s our definition of a chemical change?
59 What about an ice cube? Is this a physical or a chemical change?
60 There are three states of matter solid liquid gas
61 If you burn Magnesium, do you think there will be a physical or a chemical change?
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