Science 9 Unit 2 pack: Reproduction

Transcription

1 Science 9 Unit 2 pack: Reproduction Name Ch 4: The Nucleus Ch 5: Mitosis Ch 6: Meiosis Students will develop an understanding of the processes of cell division as they pertain to reproduction. 0

2 Section 4.1: The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell Pages By the end of section 4.1 you should be able to understand the following: Chromosomes contain genes that store the information to make proteins Chromosomes are found within the nucleus of the cell Proteins control the activities of cells Ribosomes make proteins by using the message carried from the nucleus by RNA Words to Know Drawing Definition/Description/Function DNA chromosome gene nucleolus nucleus chromatin 1

3 Words to Know protein Drawing (No Drawing) Definition/Description/Function ribosome NOTES 1. Draw and label a plant cell with the above parts (excepting protein). 2. How does DNA contribute to the role of the nucleus as the control centre of the cell? 3. What is the role of genes in protein production in the cell? 2

4 Section 4.2: Mutation Pages By the end of section 4.2 you should be able to understand the following: Gene mutations can change the order of DNA bases Gene mutations can have positive, negative or neutral effects on an organism Mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication, or can be caused by mutagens Gene therapy is a method of mutation correction Words to Know Definition Example gene mutation gene therapy mutagen negative mutation neutral mutation positive mutation 3

5 1. What are the types of gene mutations? Define each and include an example. 2. What are the different possible effects of mutation? 3. What is a mutagen? Give three examples. 4. Create a flow chart to describe the steps involved in gene therapy. 4

6 Section 5.1: The Cell Cycle and Mitosis Pages By the end of section 5.1 you should be able to understand the following: There are three stages to the cell cycle Mitosis has four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase Checkpoint proteins govern whether or not the cell cycle proceeds Checkpoint protein errors can result in cancer Words to Know Definition cancer cell cycle cytokinesis interphase mitosis replication spindle fibres 5

7 1. Name and draw each stage of the cell cycle ANNNNND Describe what happens during each stage. 3. What is cytokinesis and why is it important? 4. a) Describe what is meant by a checkpoint in the cell cycle. b) What might happen if there were no checkpoint proteins? c) Under what 3 circumstances will a checkpoint protein order the repair or destruction of a cell? 6

8 2. Name and describe the four stages of mitosis 7

9 Section 5.2: Asexual Reproduction Pages By the end of section 5.2 you should be able to understand the following: Asexual reproduction produces offspring genetically identical to the parent There are several forms of asexual reproduction, including fission, budding, fragmentation, vegetative, and spore formation Cloning methods can be used to produce organisms with desired traits Words to Know Definition A. identical genetic copy of a parent B. requires only one parent to reproduce C. single-celled organism replicates its genetic material and divides in two D. an outgrowth of an individual that develops into a new individual E. parts that break off due to injury and develop into new individuals F. plants use special cells that form structures which develop into an identical plant G. produced by fungi, these develop into new organisms by mitosis H. cells that have the potential to become many different types of cells 8

10 1. Name and describe the 5 types of asexual reproduction. Include an example And a drawing for each. 9

11 2 a) What are the advantages of asexual reproduction? List as many as possible. b) What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction? List as many as possible. 3. What are two types of cloning, and how are they done? 10

12 Section 6.1: Meiosis Pages By the end of section 6.1 you should be able to understand the following: Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as body cells Meiosis occurs in two parts, meiosis I and meiosis II Meiosis creates variation in organisms through the shuffling of genetic information in meiosis I Mutations can occur during meiosis and can cause genetic disorders Words to Know diploid number Definition embryo fertilization gametes genetic diversity haploid number homologous chromosomes sexual reproduction zygote 1. What is the difference between haploid and diploid? 2. What is the difference between a gamete and an embryo? 11

13 3. Name, draw, label, and describe the different stages of meiosis. (see p. 199) 1. Meiosis I Interkinesis 6. Meiosis II Cytokinesis 12

14 4. a) What is crossing over? b) How does crossing over affect the results of meiosis I? 5. a) What is independent assortment? b) How does independent assortment affect the results of meiosis I? c) how many different zygotes are possible from one egg and sperm? 6. What 3 things can happen to a chromosome to cause a chromosome mutation during meiosis? Draw examples for each. 5. What is a karyotype and how is it performed? 13

15 Section 6.2: Sexual Reproduction Pages By the end of section 6.2 you should be able to understand the following: Mating, fertilization, and development are the stages of sexual reproduction Fertilization in sexual reproduction can occur internally or externally Embryonic development is the early development of an organism Words to Know differentiation embryonic development external fertilization Definition internal fertilization mating 1. What are the 3 stages of sexual reproduction? Describe what happens in each stage. 2. Name and describe the two methods of fertilization. Give an example for each. 14

16 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of external fertilization? Give an example for each point. Advantages Disadvantages 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of internal fertilization? Give an example for each point. Advantages Disadvantages 15

17 5. Draw and describe The following stages of embryonic development. (Be sure to mention if there is cell specialization) a) zygote: b) 4 Cell Stage c) 8 Cell Stage d) morula e) blastula 5. Name the three trimesters. For each, state which developments occur at this time. 16

18 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction? Give an example for each point. Advantages Disadvantages 17