Palmer Algal Posters to Cyanotoxins; changes in our knowledge of cyanobacteria (bluegreens)
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1 Palmer Algal Posters to Cyanotoxins; changes in our knowledge of cyanobacteria (bluegreens) North Carolina Lake Management Society Spring Workshop 2016 Mark Vander Borgh, Linda Ehrlich and Astrid Schnetzer
2 Palmer Prints: Algae in Water Supplies 1959: Algae in Water Supplies An Illustrated Manual of the Identification, Significance and Control of Algae in Water Supplies C. Mervin Palmer, artist Harold J. Walter U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare 1965: Prints put into Standard Methods Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 12 th Ed. Algae Growing on Reservoir Walls
3 Palmer Prints: Algae in Polluted Water 1970: USEPA created 1974: Clean Water Act 1977: Algae and Water Pollution: An Illustrated Manual on the Identification, Significance and Control of Algae in Water Supplies and in Polluted Water Two prints added, artist: Sharon Adams Plankton and other Surface Water Algae
4 What are Bluegreens? Bacteria or Algae? Eubacteria Prokaryotic no membrane bound organelle Photosynthetic opposed to chemotrophic (i.e., iron bacteria) Various Photosynthetic Pigments Chlorophyll-a (green), phycocyanin (blue) or phycoerythrin (red) Smallest form of algae From < 1um (picoplankton) to > 20um filaments > 100 um long Colonies, filaments and clumps visible to naked eye Polluted Water Algae
5 What is the Official Name? Bacteria Myxophyceae Cyanoprokaryotes Cyanophytes Blue-greens Bluegreens Cyanobacteria Filter Clogging Algae
6 Why are they Important? The Good Primary producers Oxygen, carbon & carbohydrates Nitrogen fixing heterocysts/heterocytes Symbiotic forms Lichen & Azolla (aquatic fern) Azolla Trichormus azollae Clean Water Algae
7 Why are they important? The Bad Taste and odors Geosmin and Methylisoborneol (MIB) Bloom formers Sub-surface/stratified Surface films (AKA scums) requires gas vacuoles (aerotropes) Some produce toxins Toxigenic strains Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) Taste and Odor Algae
8 Bluegreen Taxonomy: Lumper vs Splitters Simplest Revision Drouet & Daily, 1956 revision of the coccoid and nostocales myxophyceae Most Thorough Anagnostidis & Komarek, 1998 Suswasserflora von mitteleuropa (freshwater flora of central Europe) Komarek, Cyanoprokaryota. Heterocytous genera. Suswasserflora von mitteleuropa Cyanobacteria nomenclature website Current Primary Reference: Wehr, Sheath & Kociolek, 2015 Freshwater Algae of North America 2 ed
9 Importance of Bluegreens in North Carolina Common in North Carolina Found in water supplies Many form blooms Some are basis for impairments Chlorophyll-a (>40 ug/l) ph (< 6 or > 9) Some may form cyanotoxins
10 Basic Bluegreen Taxonomy Prokaryotic (cytoplasm fills cell) Color: Blue, green, bluegreen, red & gray-violet Morphology Unicellular/colonial; coccoid/filamentous Heterocytes (N-fixing cells)
11 INTRODUCTION TO BLUEGREEN TAXONOMY
12 Basic Bluegreen Groups (Orders) Chrooccocales round or oval Synechococcales round, oval or filamentous Oscillatoriales & Spirulinales filaments without heterocytes Nostocales filaments with heterocytes
13 Order: Chroococcales Family: Microcystacaeae: Microcystis (Anacystis & Polycystis) Family: Aphanothecaceae Aphanothece Microcystis Aphanothece
14 Order: Synechococcales Family: Merismopediaceae Merismopedia (Agmenellum) Limnococcus = (Chroococcus) Aphanocapsa Family: Romeriaceae Romeria Romeria Limnococcus Aphanocapsa
15 Order: Synechococcales Family: Coelosphaeriacae Coelosphaerium Woronichinia (Gomphosphaeria) Snowella Woronichinia ( Coelosphaerium (Meredith College) Snowella (Robin Mathews)
16 Order: Synechococcales (filamentous) All previously called Oscillatoria Family: Pseudanabaenaceae Pseudanabaena Limnothrix Family: Leptolyngbyaceae Leptolyngbya Planktolyngbya Limnothrix (nordicmicroalgae.org) Planktolyngbya Pseudanabaena
17 Order: Spirulinales Family: Microcoleaceae Planktothrix (Oscillatoria) Planktothrix
18 Order Oscillatoriales Benthic, attached and/or mat-forming Family: Oscillatoriaceae Oscillatoria Lyngbya Lyngbya wollei = Plectonema wollei = Microseira? Oscilllatoria
19 Order Oscillatoriales P. wollei fragmentation P. wollei hormogonia formation
20 Order: Nostocales Family: Aphanizomenonaceae Anabaenopsis Cylindrospermopsis (Anabaenopsis) Raphidiopsis (?) ( UNC Inst. Marine Sciences) Anabaenopsis (cfb.unh.edu) (missouristate.edu) Raphidiopsis Cylindrospermopsis
21 Order: Nostocales Family: Aphanizomenonaceae Aphanizomenon Cuspidothrix (Aphanizomenon) Dolichospermum (Anabaena) Aphanizomenon raft (Meredith College) Dolichospermum Cuspidothrix (B. Rosen)
22 Order Nostocales Presence of special cells Heterocytes (N 2 fixation) Akinetes (protective, reproductive spore) A H Aphanizomenon Dolichospermum (Meredith College)
23 Order: Nostocales Family: Nostocaceae Anabaena Most species reclassified to genetically supported genera Genus still exists; mostly benthic Sensu stricto: cylindrical akinetes, obligately without aerotopes
24 INTRODUCTION TO CYANOTOXINS
25 Cyanotoxins: What are they? EPA Chemical Contaminants List: Microcystin Cylindrospermopsin Anatoxin Other Toxins Saxitoxin Nodularin BMAA EPA Health Advisories: Microcystin Varients Cylindrospermopsin 3 Varients Microcystin (enzolifesciences.com)
26 Cyanotoxins: Who makes them? Microcystins Anabaenopsis, Aphanizomenon, Dolichospermum, Limnothrix, Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Planktothrix, Woronichina & Snowella Cylindrospermopsin Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Lyngbya, Raphidiopsis Anatoxins Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsin, Cuspidothrix, Oscillatoria, Pseudanabaena Cylindrospermopsin (
27 Cyanotoxins: What do they effect? Microcystin & Cylindrospermopsin: Hepatatoxin, Cytotoxins, Endotoxin & Dermatoxin Liver, kidney, stomach & skin Kidney and liver damage Gasteroenteritis, gastrointestinal upsets and skin irritation Anatoxin Neurotoxin Nervous system tingling, numbness, drowsiness, respiratory paralysis Anatoxin ( Lopez et al. 2008
28 Cyanotoxins: Detection and screening methods Types of samples: Particulate, dissolved and total toxins Chromatography (compound specific) separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or as a vapor through a medium in which components move at different rates Bioassays (class specific) use of live animal, tissue or uses biological activity of a substance; eg., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), mouse assays, phosphate inhibition assay (PPIA) ELISA test (hadlemosdeciencia.wordpress.com)
29 Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking - SPATT A simple and sensitive in situ (monitoring) method involves the passive adsorption of biotoxins onto porous synthetic resin filled sachets (SPATT bags) and their subsequent extraction and analysis. MacKenzie et al. (2004) Toxicon PROS Time-integrative signal Low detection limit Fresh to marine application Multiple toxin detection Easy to deploy and recover CONS Semi-quantitative No link to regulatory limit
30 Projects related to Cyanobacterial Toxins Cape Fear River NC Seagrant with H. Paerl, N. Hall and S. Ensign Jordan Lake Seed grant funding with T. Aziz, D. Obenour Partnering with Division of Environmental Quality Jordan Lake Cyanobacteria 2015 Cape Fear River Microcystis 2011
31 Contact Information Mark Vander Borgh Division of Water Resources (919) , Dr. Linda Ehrlich Spirogyra Diversified Environmental Services (336) , Dr. Astrid Schnetzer North Carolina State University (919) ,
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