Understanding Harmful Algal Blooms and their potential impacts Native American Communities

Transcription

1 Tribal Lands and Environment Forum (TLEF) August 15-18, 2016 Mohegan Sun Resort Uncasville, Connecticut Understanding Harmful Algal Blooms and their potential impacts Native American Communities Barry H. Rosen, Ph. D. Biologist & SE Region Tribal Liaison US Geological Survey/Office of the SE Regional Director

2 Background Presented Harmful Algal Bloom 101 to USET Obvious concern about exposure of tribal members to cyanobacteria and their associated cyanotoxins After the presentation, one-on-one conversations lead to the vision on this Guide Field recognition of a bloom and laboratory identification of key organisms

3 Cyanobacteria (aka bluegreen algae; cyanohabs) gram negative bacteria pigments in thylakoids

4 Ecological strategies for cyanobacteria: a sample Rapid Growth temp Morphology grazing, floating trace, P, C, N, Nutrient Storage Pigments Toxicity microcystin LR complex Buoyancy Regulation Nitrogen Fixation

5 Ecological Strategies: complimentary pigments for maximizing photosynthesis

6 Ecological Strategies: complimentary pigments for maximizing photosynthesis

7 Ecological Strategies: internal structures for optimizing placement in the water column Gas Vesicles: Buoyancy regulation and vertical migration Low light (C 6 H 12 O 6 )n Nutrients scavenged whilst near lake sediments or thermocline

8 Ecological Strategies: Motility in sediments

9 Ecological Strategies: morphology for staying in the water column

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11 Ecological Strategies: luxuriant nutrient uptake and storage & metal sequestration Contain protein, lipids, polyp Na, Mg, Ca, K, Mn, Fe, Cu

12 Ecological Strategies: make your own nitrogen from the atmosphere lipid layers and loss of PS II

13 Ecological Strategies: thermophiles grow fast and will be worse as the climate warms Rapid Growth temperature 3 doublings or divisions every day

14 Why are we concerned about cyanohabs? Toxicity Hypoxia Taste and odors Aesthetics

15 Cyanotoxins Hepatotoxins Disrupt proteins that keep the liver functioning, may act slowly (days to weeks) Neurotoxins Cause rapid paralysis of skeletal and respiratory muscles (minutes) Dermatotoxins Produce rashes and other skin reactions, usually within a day (hours) b-n-methylamino-l-alanine Neurological: linked to ALS microcystin (120+ variants) nodularin cylindrospermopsin anatoxin -a anatoxin -a (s) saxitoxin neosaxitoxin lyngbyatoxin BMAA

16 Cyanotoxins are highly potent Compounds & LD 50 (ug/kg) Saxitoxin 9 Ricin 0.02 Anatoxin-a(s) 20 Cobra toxin 20 Microcystin LR 50 Curare 500 Anatoxin-a Strychnine 2000 Nodularin 50 Cylindrospermopsins 200

17 Microcystins D-Glu (iso) CO 2 H NH Adda O H 3 C S R CH 3 N O OCH 3 O NH S S 1 NH CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 O S R NH S 2 NH O CO 2 H MeAsp (iso) Arginine NH NH 2 Methyl dehydroala (Mdha) CH 2 O NH R CH 3 D-Ala O CH 3 Leu CH 3 Mostly Microcystis aeruginosa (very common) also produced by a number of other species. Potent hepatotoxin LD-50: g kg -1 Called fast death factor Potent carcinogen Guide line values in water: 0.3 micrograms per liter drinking water (10 days, younger than school age; 1.6 for other ages Soon- recreational contact Peptide Toxins: 120+ structural variants NH

18 Drinking Water Guidelines EPA Issues Health Advisories for Algal Toxins in Drinking Water Release Date: 05/06/2015 The health advisory values for algal toxins recommend 0.3 micrograms per liter for microcystin and 0.7 micrograms per liter for cylindrospermopsin at levels not to be exceeded in drinking water for children younger than school age. For all other ages, the health advisory values for drinking water are 1.6 micrograms per liter for microcystin and 3.0 micrograms per liter for cylindrospermopsin. Potential health effects from longer exposure to higher levels of algal toxins in drinking water include gastroenteritis and liver and kidney damage. The health advisory values are based on exposure for 10 days.

19 Hepatotoxicity Microcystin exposure: response Uptake by bile acid transporter Inhibit protein phosphatases 1 and 2A Affects cytoskeleton, cell cycle, general metabolism, apoptosis Wayne Carmichael ISOC-HAB Ch. 4, Scientific American, January, 1994

20 Anatoxins Anatoxin-a actylcholine agonist Anatoxin-a(S) acetylcholinesterase inhibitor HN N NH 2 + CH 3 N CH 3 O - O P O OCH 3 Very Fast Death Factor Dolichospermum flos-aquae & lemmermannii

21 Neurotoxicity Anabaena Anatoxin-a and a(s) Anatoxin-a: Acetylcholine receptor agonist Anatoxin-a(s): Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Wayne Carmichael ISOC-HAB Ch. 4, Scientific American, January, 1994

22 β-methyl amino alanine (BMAA) Non-proteinogenic amino acid Made by almost all cyanobacteria (Cox, Banack, Murch, Rasmussen, Tien, Bidigare, Metcalf, Morrison, Codd, and Bergman. PNAS 2005) BMAA alanine

23 Cylindrospermopsin Cylindrospermopsis Gastrointestinal effects Hepatotoxicity Liver necrosis Kidney effects Inhibition of protein synthesis Alkaloid Toxin Covalently modify DNA and/or RNA Resistant to degradation by ph and temppersistent

24 Background Presented Harmful Algal Bloom 101 to USET Obvious concern about exposure of tribal members to cyanobacteria and their associated cyanotoxins After the presentation, one-on-one conversations lead to the vision on this Guide Field recognition of a bloom and laboratory identification of key organisms

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26 Recognizing a cyanobacteria bloom: field images (blue-green to greenish in color) Dolichospermum lemmermannii

27 Recognizing a cyanobacteria bloom: field images (blue-green to greenish in color) Microcystis aeruginosa

28 Recognizing a cyanobacteria bloom: field images (blue-green to greenish in color) Gloeotrichia echinulata

29 Recognizing a cyanobacteria bloom: field images (blue-green to greenish in color) Aphanizomenon flos-aquae

30 Recognizing a cyanobacteria bloom: field images (blue-green to greenish in color) Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, etc. Lake water subsample containing colonies of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (A), Microcystis (B), and Gloeotrichia (C). Magnification = 3. Photograph by Sara Eldridge, U.S. Geological Survey

31 Recognizing a cyanobacteria bloom: field images (blue-green to greenish in color) Microcystis viridis

32 Recognizing a cyanobacteria bloom: field images (blue-green to greenish in color) phycocyanin-covered shoreline

33 Recognizing a cyanobacteria bloom: field images (brown in color) Nodularia spumigena Woronichinia naegeliana

34 Recognizing a cyanobacteria bloom: field images (reddish/pink color) Planktothrix Euglena sanguinea Azolla

35 Not Cyanobacteria

36 Not Cyanobacteria

37 Not Cyanobacteria

38 Prokaryotes (Bacteria) Cyanobacteria Eukaryotes Haptophytes Dinoflagellates Euglenophytes Chlorophytes Charophytes Plants

39 Microcystis

40 Dolichospermum (syn. Anabaena)

41 Aphanizomenon

42 Common Filamentous Cyanobacteria Lake Mattamuskeet, NC (East and West) July 22, 2015 Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (CYN) Chrysosporum ovalisporum (CYN) Komvophoron (Pseudanabaena) Planktolyngbya contorta (MYC)

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44 Thank You!