U2.1.1: Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 62).

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1 Unit 11: Biochemistry Study Guide U2.1.1: Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 62). 1. Define molecular biology. Molecular biology is a brand of biology focused on structures and functions at the molecular level. 2. Compare the benefits of a reductionist and systems approach to studying biology. Reductionist: understand biology by breaking it down into its component parts and studying the structure and function of the parts. Simplifies phenomenon for study but does not allow for understanding of interactions between systems or emergent properties. Systems: understand biology by studying the connects between the parts. Adds complexity. Must understand the parts before deciphering how the interact. 3. Recognize common functional groups. Polar Covalent Bond Hydroxyl: Carbonyl: Polar Covalent Bond Carboxyl: Amine: Phosphate: 4. Draw skeletal molecular structures from full structure diagrams In skeletal structures, carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon are not shown. Kinks are used to show the location of carbon atoms. Example: Glucose C 6H 12O 6

2 Full Display: Skeletal: U.2.1.2: Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 64). 5. Outline the number and type of bond carbon can form with other atoms. Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms. Life is based on carbon compounds including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 64). 6. List the four major classes of carbon compounds used by living organisms. Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides Proteins: amino acids, dipeptides, polypeptides Lipids: fatty acids, sterols, triglycerides, phospholipids Nucleic acids: nucleotides, RNA, DNA S2.1.2: Identification of biochemicals such as sugars, lipids, or amino acids from molecular drawings (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 66). 7. Identify the four major classes of carbon compounds used by living organisms from given diagrams (examples will include D-ribose, alpha glucose, beta glucose, triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids). Proteins are polymers of amino acids which always have this structure: Carbohydrates have ring structures with an oxygen in the ring and multiple hydroxyl (--OH) groups.

3 Lipids take a variety of forms, but are primarily hydrocarbon molecules with few if any polar hydroxyl (--OH) groups. Hydrocarbons Nucleic acids will have molecular rings that contain nitrogen (nitrogenous base) connected to a monosaccharide carbohydrate A2.1.1: Urea as an example of a compound that is produced by living organisms but can also be artificially synthesized (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 62).

4 8. Draw the molecular structure of urea. 9. Describe how urea can be synthesized by living and artificial mechanisms. In humans, the liver converts ammonia (NH 3, toxic byproduct of protein metabolism) to urea which is excreted from the body via the kidneys. Artificially, urea is made in a two step process: 2.1.NOS: Falsification of theories= the artificial synthesis of urea helped to falsify vitalism (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 63). 10. Define vitalism. Vitalism is the non-scientific idea that living organisms contain a life force or energy that gives the properties of life separate from physical and chemical laws. 11. Explain the role of urea in the falsification of vitalism. Up until the 1830 s, people thought that organic molecules of life could not be synthesized without the presence of the vital life force found in living things. Chemist Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea from inorganic components without a vital force. U2.1.5: Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 67).

5 12. Define anabolism, monomer and polymer. Anabolism: constructing large molecules from smaller monomer subunits. Monomer: a small molecule that can bind with other molecules of the same type to form a large polymer. Polymer: a large molecule composed of many repeating monomer subunits. 13. Describe condensation (dehydration synthesis) reactions. A chemical reaction in which two molecules (monomers) combine to form a larger molecule with the formation of water. 14. Using simple shapes to represent monomers, diagram a condensation reaction. + + H 2 O U2.1.6: Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 67). 15. Define catabolism. Catabolism is the breaking down of large molecules into smaller subunits. 16. Contrast anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism Typically require an energy input Monomers combine to form polymers Ex: Amino acids combine to form a protein Catabolism Typically release energy Polymers break down to form monomers Ex: a protein is digested into amino acid subunits.

6 17. Describe hydrolysis reactions. A chemical reaction in which a polymer breaks apart into smaller subunits; addition of water is used to break the bonds 18. Using simple shapes to represent monomers, diagram a hydrolysis reaction. H 2 O H OH

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