Prokaryotes and Kingdom Protista

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Prokaryotes and Kingdom Protista"

Jonas Smith
5 years ago
Views:

1 Prokaryotes and Kingdom Protista

2 Domain Eubacteria Domain Archae The Prokaryotes

3 Cell type: Prokaryotes Found in: Domain Bacteria Domain Archae

4 Cell type: Prokaryotes Two Domains: Bacteria and Archae Do not have a membrane bound nucleus Very few organelles, if any Smallest and structurally simplest living organisms. Oldest forms of life on earth Microscopic Circular shaped DNA molecules Shapes: rod, spherical or spiral

5 Metabolism Autotrophic -photosynthetic -chemosynthetic Heterotrophic -aerobic respiration (with oxygen) -anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) ex: use SO 4-2 instead of oxygen (Anoxic: environment without oxygen)

6 Domain Bacteria Unicellular; some form colonies. Cell wall of peptidoglycan Essential role in nutrient cycles Major groups: decay bacteria, cyanobacteria, nitrifying bacteria, pathogenic bacteria

7 Domain Bacteria: Decay Bacteria Break down waste products and detritus Detritus: dead organic matter Release nutrients into the environment Importance: recycling of essential nutrients

8 Domain Bacteria: Cyanobacteria Also known as blue-green algae Photosynthetic Photosynthetic Pigments -Contains chlorophyll a (pigment in plants) -Phycocyanin: bluish pigment -Phycoerythrin: reddish pigment -Dominant pigment determines color

9 Domain Bacteria: Cyanobacteria Stromatolites: Thought to have an important role in the accumulation of oxygen in earth s atmosphere Prochlorococcus: thought to be most abundant photosynthetic organism in the ocean Red tides: bloom of cyanobacteria with red pigment (can cause skin rashes)

10 Prochlorococcus

11 Oscillatoria

12 Spirulina and Oscillatoria

13 Anabaena

14 Domain Bacteria: Nitrifying Bacteria Carry out nitrogen fixation -converting nitrogen gas into ammonium which is then converted into nitrates.

15 Used to be classified with Bacteria but are now thought to be closer related to eukaryotes. Extremophiles: found in extreme environments (acid pools, hot springs, hydrothermal vents, etc ) Methanopyrus: methanogen living near hydrothermal vents Common throughout the ocean not just extreme environments Domain Archae

16 Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista The Eukaryotes

17 Cell type: Eukaryotes Have a membrane bound nucleus and complex organelles. Found in Domain Eukarya Includes Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

18 Kingdom Protista Domain Eukarya So diverse a kingdom, that many scientists don t consider it a true kingdom anymore Divided into two general groups: Algae: plant-like protists. Protozoans: animal-like protists.

19 Characteristics of Algae (plant-like protists) Eukaryotic (nucleus!) Can be unicellular or multicellular Mostly photosynthetic (have chloroplast) Contain cell walls (many different kinds) a.k.a. phytoplankton Our Focus now: unicellular (i.e. single cell)

20 DIATOMS Phylum Bascillariophyta Algae (plant-like protists) golden algae carotenoid pigments (such as xanthophyll = yellow pigment) chlorophyll a and c Classified according to shape Centricae: round Pennatae: pen-shaped Buoyancy Need to float near the surface to absorb sunlight Adaptations to help prevent sinking by decreasing density: Radiating spines Oil droplets (lipids)

21 DIATOMS Phylum Bascillariophyta Algae (plant-like protists) Cell Wall made of silica (main ingredient of glass). Has tiny pores to allow for exchange of materials. Also called frustule or test.

DIATOMS Phylum Bascillariophyta Algae (plant-like protists) Reproduction Asexual: fission; two frustules separate and each half secretes a new frustule to complete the formation of the

22 DIATOMS Phylum Bascillariophyta Algae (plant-like protists) Reproduction Asexual: fission; two frustules separate and each half secretes a new frustule to complete the formation of the new diatom. Sexual: diatom develops into a male or female. Male releases sperm and enter the female diatom where it unites with an egg. The fertilized egg develops into a mature diatom.

Blooms DIATOMS Phylum Bascillariophyta Occur in favorable conditions such as adequate nutrition and light Normally spring and fall due to overturn (upwellings) Some contain a toxin called domoic acid

23 Blooms DIATOMS Phylum Bascillariophyta Occur in favorable conditions such as adequate nutrition and light Normally spring and fall due to overturn (upwellings) Some contain a toxin called domoic acid that can build up in plankton eating organisms Both shellfish and fish can accumulate this toxin without apparent ill effects; however, in humans the toxin crosses into the brain and interferes with nerve signal transmission. People poisoned with very high doses of the toxin can die, while lower doses can cause permanent brain damage (short term memory loss).

24 DIATOMS Phylum Bascillariophyta Diatomaceous Earth Dead diatom frustules fall to ocean floor Form a thick deposit of siliceous material Biogenous sediment: a.k.a. diatomaceous ooze Used in many industries; good for filtering (swimming pools, drinking water, clarifying beer) and a good mild abrasive (toothpaste and polishers)

25 DIATOMS Phylum Bascillariophyta Ecological Importance Basis of the food chain in both marine and freshwater environments Consumed by tiny invertebrates called copepods who are eaten by fish Shellfish consume diatoms by filtering them out of the water

26 Diatoms

27 DINOFLAGELLATES Phylum Dinophyta Unicellular Planktonic Two flagella Cell wall made of plates of cellulose Autotrophic and heterotrophic Eyespot: detect light

28 DINOFLAGELLATES Phylum Dinophyta Algae (plant-like protists) Flagella Used in locomotion One trails free One wrapped around a groove along the middle of the cell

DINOFLAGELLATES Phylum Dinophyta Algae (plant-like protists) Reproduction and Blooms Almost exclusively asexual (fission) Red Tide: caused by Gymnodinium

29 DINOFLAGELLATES Phylum Dinophyta Algae (plant-like protists) Reproduction and Blooms Almost exclusively asexual (fission) Red Tide: caused by Gymnodinium (contains a red pigment) Gonyaulax: produces a neurotoxin that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning that can lead to illness and death in fish and humans.

30 Red Tide (Gymnodinium)

31 DINOFLAGELLATES Phylum Dinophyta Algae (plant-like protists) Some are bioluminescent :produces light (Pyrodinium) Zooxanthellae: round, golden brown dinoflagellates that live in close association with a variety of animals Sponges Corals Sea anemones Giant clams

32 Characteristics of Protozoans (animal-like protists) Animal-like Structurally simple and very diverse Most are unicellular Heterotrophs Some are also photosynthetic Marine and freshwater as well as inside other organisms

33 Called forams Marine FORMANIFERANS Phylum Granuloreticulosa Have tests (shells) of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) Pseudopodia: extension of cytoplasm that protrude through pores; trap food Benthic or planktonic Protozoans (animal-like protists)

35 Foraminiferan Ooze Protozoans (animal-like protists) Calcareous ooze Create limestone and chalk beds Biogenous ooze

36 Planktonic, marine RADIOLARIANS Phylum Polycystina Delicate shells of silica with radiating spines Needle-like pseudopodia that capture food Radiolarian ooze Protozoans (animal-like protists)

37 Protozoans (animal-like protists)

38 Protozoans (animal-like protists)

39 CILIATES Phylum Ciliophora Protozoans (animal-like protists) Protozoans with cilia Cilia: hair-like and used in locomotion and feeding Planktonic or benthic Live on the gills of clams, intestines of sea urchins or on the skin of fish Paramecium: most common freshwater forms

40 Protozoans (animal-like protists)

The Microbial World. Microorganisms of the Sea

The Microbial World. Microorganisms of the Sea The Microbial World Microorganisms of the Sea Microorganisms Smallest, simplest marine organisms. Very important in evolutionary history of life on Earth. Important primary producers. Include prokaryotes