Notes - Microbiology Monera

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1 Notes - Microbiology Monera Part 1 Classification - Kingdom moneran is more commonly known as bacteria. This is the largest kingdom with inhabitants covering almost every square metre of the planet! - Bacteria are considered or simple cells as they are prokaryotic. They have no or organelles. - All bacteria fit into 3 categories: 1

2 1.) Eubacteria are the most commonly thought of bacteria. They are bacteria that are surrounded by a cell wall composed of complex carbohydrates. Inside of the cell wall is the cell membrane. Some types have two cell membranes. They can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic. Eubacteria are found everywhere from inside organisms to the soil. 2.) - 3.) Archaebacteria and Prochlorobacteria Archaebacteria are also extreme dwelling bacteria. They can survive with zero oxygen environments like the intestines of animals, or hot springs that are high heat and sulphur levels. These bacteria are sometimes called as they produce methane gas. Prochlorobacteria contain photosynthetic pigments that match plants (pigments α and β). There are only a few known species at this time. Part 2 - Identification - Bacteria are generally indentified based on three criteria; cell shape, cell wall, and motility Cell Shape - Cell Wall - - Motility 2

3 - Gram staining is used for identifying the cell wall type. appears purple under microscope (when stained) as this bacteria only has one layer of and. Gram appears under the microscope (after staining) as they have a second layer that also has and. - Energy type is broken into two categories based on how energy is gathered to survive. 1.) Autotrophs Phototrophic Heterotrophic 2.) Heterotrophs Phototrophic use light energy but also need organic molecules for nutrition (eat things). Chemotrophic use organic molecules (eat like us). These bacteria compete with us for nutrients and so often are on our foods eating and releasing poisons if improperly cooked. - Respiration there are three types of bacteria categories based on respiration. 1.) Obligate aerobes 2.) Obligate anaerobes 3.) Facultative anaerobes - Reproduction bacteria may reproduce by two different ways; Binary Fission and/or Conjugation. 1.) the enlarging of the cell and then splitting into two cells. The cells are genetic clones of each other (asexual). This is an advantageous way of increasing numbers quickly. No partner is needed. However, because new cells are clones there is no adaptations that may help species. 3

4 2.) one bacterium will form a protein bridge (donor tube) that attaches to the second bacterial (recipient) cell wall. Part of the genetic code will is transferred through the tube and mixes with the second bacteria s DNA (sexual reproduction). 3.) while not really reproduction, bacteria can extend their life by producing an endospore. When conditions for survival become unfavourable, the bacteria can produce a thick wall around its DNA. Bacteria can survive for years in this state. 4

5 Bacterial Control - There are two ways we try to control bacteria; 1.) outside and 2.) inside the body. 1.) using chemicals or heat to kill bacteria. are chemicals used on non-living items to kill bacteria (Lysol). are acids, bases, or alcohols used on living tissue to kill bacteria (soap). We can also use u.v. light, or high heat (canning or cooking) to kill bacteria in places we don`t want them. We also use cold (, ) to slow bacterial growth on unwanted items. 2.) Antibiotics - are natural or man-made drugs that attack and kill bacteria. The, is the last line of defense. It is made up of specialized cells work together to kill bacteria. Bacterial Impact Positive 1.)Symbiotic Relationships Plant - Nitrogen Fixation bacteria called live in a symbiotic relationship with legumes in the root nodules and fix nitrogen for the plant. - Animal 2.) Recycle and Decompose saprophytic bacteria break down dead organic life for energy (used in sewer treatment plants). Negative - Caused by bacteria that attack us. These are called pathogenic bacteria. 1.) Food spoilage 5

6 2.) Illness Ex. rabies, syphilis, cholera, tuberculosis, flesh eating disease. 6

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