BIOL/ESRM 331/SEFS 590B Landscape Plant Recognition Sarah Reichard Michael Bradshaw Colleen Brennan Emma Relei
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1 BIOL/ESRM 331/SEFS 590B Landscape Plant Recognition Sarah Reichard Michael Bradshaw Colleen Brennan Emma Relei
2 Today Introduction to biological classification of vascular plants Introduction to plant morphology Introduction to nomenclature (what is in a name?) How does this class work?
3 Vascular Plants Xylem (water carrying stem tissues) and Phloem (nutrient and carbohydrate carrying stem tissues) plants are vascular plants Ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms are vascular plants Mosses and algae are not
4 Gymnosperms (Conifers) Naked Seeds Seeds borne on open surfaces (cones)
5 Gymnosperms (Conifers) Naked Seeds Seeds borne on open surfaces (cones) Male and female structures are separate (male/female cones)
6 Gymnosperms (Conifers) Naked Seeds Seeds borne on open surfaces (cones) Male and female structures are separate (male/female cones) Mostly wind pollinated
7 Gymnosperms Naked Seeds Seeds borne on open surfaces (cones) Male and female structures are separate (male/female cones) Mostly wind pollinated Mostly are evergreen
8 Angiosperms Enclosed Seeds Seeds are borne in fruits (matured flower ovaries)
9 Angiosperms Enclosed Seeds Seeds are borne in fruits (matured flower ovaries) Male and female structures are usually together in flowers Insect, bird, bat, wind pollinated Deciduous and evergreen leaves Monocots and Dicots
10 Monocotyledons ( Monocots ) One seed leaf (cotyledon)
11 Monocotyledons ( Monocots ) One seed leaf (cotyledon) Leaf veins parallel
12 Dicotyledons ( Dicots ) 2 seed leaves
13 Dicotyledons ( Dicots ) 2 seed leaves Leaves net veined May not be monophyletic Woody dicots are the majority of what we will learn
14 Plant Morphology The form and structure of plants Overall size, shape of plants Leaves size, shape, veins, margins, apex, etc. Bark color, texture Flowers - # parts, color, placement Fruit type
15 Overall
16 Simple Leaves
17 Compound Leaves
18 Even / Odd Pinnate
19 Palmately Compound Leaves
20 Compound leaves
21 Ternately Compound
22 Lobes vs. Leaves Palmately lobed Pinnately lobed
23 Conifer Leaves Awl-shaped leaves Scale-like leaves
24 Conifer Leaves Needle-like leaves Linear leaves
25 Stomatal Markings on Conifers
26 Special Leaves Stipule Stipule
27 Leaf Patterns Variegation differently colored parts of the leaves. Examples:
28 Leaf Arrangement Whorled Leaves Opposite and decussate
29 Sessile No petiole attaches a leaf or other plant part to a stem
30 Leaf Shape Ovate
31 Leaf Base Acute
32 Leaf Margins Revolute margin
33 Leaf Apex
34 Pubescent (hairs)
35 Glabrous Leaves or other surfaces without hairs
36 Other terms Node the point of attachment for a leaf Terminal/axillary arrangement of flowers on stem
37 Below Ground Rhizome/rhizomatous a horizontal stem, usually underground, that bears stems and leaves
38 Flowers Note: these are all perfect or bisexual flowers
39 Dioecious/Monoecious Unisexual flowers DI = two, OECIOUS = house (the plant) MON = one
40 Petals Apetalous Sympetalous Fused petals Free Corolla Unfused petals
41 Inflorescence Types Compound inflorescence Solitary Flowers catkin
42 Berry a fleshy fruit that develops from the ovary of a single flower. The skin of the berry is the ovary wall. Fruit types Fleshy
43
44 Fruit types Fleshy Berry Pome a fruit that consists of a fleshy receptical and a tough central core containing the seeds
45 Fruit Types Fleshy Drupes Aggregate of Drupelets
46 Fruit Types Dry and Dehiscent Capsule splits open to release seeds Legume a pod that splits into 2 valves with the seeds attached to 1 Follicle 2 or more seeds, splits along one side
47 Fruit Types Dry and indehiscent Achene
48
49
50 Plant Classification and Names Originally long strings of descriptive words Little sense of relationships May 1, 1753 Species Plantarum published Established binomial system of naming Carolus Linneaus (Carl von Linne)
51 Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae
52 Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta
53 Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida
54 Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales
55 Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae
56 Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Solanum
57 Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Solanum Species: tuberosum
58 Species So Solanum tuberosum L.
59 Family: What are they? -A broad group of plants with common characteristics, one or more genera -Ends in aceae pronounced as if spelling the word ace -Seven conserved families use ae ending as an alternative (Asteraceae vs. Compositae)
60 What Are They? Genus: Defined as a more or less closely related and definable group of organisms (plants) comprising one or more species Plural is genera The species have more characteristics in common with each other than they do with species of other genera in the same family A genus may contain a single species (e.g., Ginkgo) or more than 100 (e.g., Rosa)
61 Species What Are They? A concept. Sometimes defined as a group of individual organisms (plants) that are fundamentally alike A species should be separated by distinct morphological differences from other closely related species All the individuals in a given species are not identical. Think of it as a population in which any character might be expressed to different degrees in each individual.
62 Levels of Plant Classification There may also be: Subspecies: subsp. or ssp. glauca Variety: var. glauca Forma: f. glauca
63 Principles of Nomenclature "Infraspecific names" are formed by adding Latin(ized) words to the species names Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. glauca (or ssp. glauca) Quercus garryana var. breweri
64 Principles of Nomenclature Cultivated varieties = cultivar They are genotypes selected for desirable traits Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Glauca (best) Or C. lawsoniana cv Glauca After 1959, cv names could no longer be Latinized must use fancy names, e.g., Genista pilosa Vancouver Gold
65 Hybrids A cross between two species, genera, or infraspecific categories may occur in the wild or intentionally Hybrids may be written as : Populus tremuloides XP. alba Platanus Xacerifolia XFatshedera lizei
66 Common Names Often descriptive, but potentially very misleading - 25 taxa with cedar - regional differences mile a minute plant Learning scientific names is fun, not all that hard, and allows specific communication
67 What does it mean? Philadelphus lewisii named after Merriwether Lewis
68 What does it mean? Philadelphus lewisii named after Merriwether Lewis Picea sitchensis first described from a specimen from Sitka, Alaska
69 What does it mean? Philadelphus lewisii named after Merriwether Lewis Picea sitchensis first described from a specimen from Sitka, Alaska Pinus albicaulis albi = white, caul = stem Acer macrophyllum macro = big, phyllum = leaf CLAS 205 Bioscientific Vocabulary
70 Principles of Nomenclature Scientific names are Latin or Latinized Scientific names are binomial - - genus and species After the first reference to a genus, it can be abbreviated to a letter: P. menziesii
71 Principles of Nomenclature Genus and species should be underlined or italicized Family and Genus are capitalized, species is not "Author names" may be included: Solanum tuberosum L.
72 Summary Plant diversity is separated on the basis of: - evolutionary relationships - morphology The naming of plants follows certain rules, based on the work of Linnaeus
73 Class Mechanics 2 days inside in Gould 322, 2 tests & 1 Big Review inside at CUH, the rest outside We meet every class time, rain or shine dress accordingly! Use the web page! Plant lists and info will be posted before each class Additional books may be helpful
74 Class Mechanics Tests 1 written midterm next Tuesday!!!! 2 plant identification midterms (each 10%) Make-up midterms very difficult Quizzes every two weeks (total 10%) Lowest one dropped Final, on campus (60%) Spelling counts!
75
76 Class Mechanics Tips for learning Flashcards/powerpoint shows Learn what the scientific names mean Use the Washington Park Arboretum to review with friends, new app on website Use the class web page and the links Hyde Herbarium
77 Class Mechanics Hyde Herbarium visit! Do not take plant parts to make your own herbarium! Special collection available to you Class website has link
78 Assignment On campus, in a park, in your own backyard go outside and look at plants Try to identify the parts of the leaf and see what term best fits the shape, leaf arrangement, margin, etc. Come on Thursday prepared for your first field day
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Classification of organisms. The grouping of objects or information based on similarities Taxonomy: branch of biology that classifies organisms
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Levels of Organization
Plant Growth and Development Part I Levels of Organization Whole Plant Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Macromolecules Levels of Organization Whole Plant Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Macromolecules Plant