1/15/2014. Monocots, Dicots, Gymnosperms & Ferns. Classification of Plants. Classification of Plants

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1 Monocots, Dicots, Gymnosperms & Ferns Plant Classification & Basic Plant Groups for the Landscape Classification of Plants Taxonomic classification starts with the least specific it s a plant And ends with the most specific the individual plant by name Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Species Classification of Plants It all begins with the Plant Kingdom Kingdom Plantae Similarities They all photosynthesize 1

2 See Handouts: Classifications of Living Organisms Traditionally Regarded as Plants Plant Morphology: A Summary Division Division (synonymous with phylum) Suffix phyta Divided into three (3) groups Division Seedless, nonvascular plants Bryophyta the bryophytes Mosses & liverworts 2

3 Division Seedless vascular plants Sphenophyta horsetails Pterophyta ferns Both used in landscaping Division Seed bearing vascular plants Cycadophyta cycads Ginkgophyta ginkgo or maidenhair Coniferophyta conifer Gnetophyta gnetophytes All fall into the group Gymnosperms naked seed Division Anthophyta angiosperms Flowering plants Divided into two (2) classes Monocotyledons monocots Dicotyledons - dicots 3

4 Order Groups of related families based on phylogenetic unity (fossil records, comparative anatomy, etc.) Suffix ales Rosales Family Grouped by similar genera Similarities in flowering Large families split into tribes Similar tribes split into sub-families Similarities in foliage are NOT reliable for identification Suffix aceae Rosaceae Genus Always italicized OR underlined Generic name form First part of Latin binomial naming system Comprises a group of obviously similar species 4

5 Genus Usually related by reproductive organs and methods Can be further broken down into subgenera species In most cases it s lowercase, italicized OR underlined In some cases it may be capitalized and in Single Quotes species Specific epithet Second part of the Latin binomial naming system Refers to an individual group 5

6 species Groups typically do not cross sexually Sexual crosses are usually sterile Sub-species are species separated by environmental factors Varieties (var.) Usually in single quotes Tends to be a variation in the species Typically naturally occurring Maybe only represented by something as simple as foliage color or growth habit Cultivars (Cv.) Often Capitalized and in Single Quotes Cultivated variety produced by horticultural techniques and breeding 6

7 Classification of Plants Genus x species x = hybrid cross between two different species Can be naturally occurring or manmade Classification of Plants x Genus species x = hybrid cross between two different genera Can be naturally occurring or manmade Division Sphenophyta Equisetum is the only genus in the division Scouring rush About 35 species of Equisetum Horsetails 7

8 Fossil records Seedless vascular plants Spores not seeds Jointed, tubular stems Stems grooved Horsetails Rhizomatous Invasive in the landscape Horsetails Ferns Division Pterophyta Primitive plant group Fossil records 12,000 species Seedless vascular plants Polystichum mandersonii Spores not seed Sporophytes Rhizomatous, clumping, single stem 8

9 Ferns (cont.) Adventitious roots Leaves = fronds Compound pinnate fronds Pinnae on rachis held up by petiole New fronds = fiddleheads Fiddleheads Ferns (cont.) Homosporus Sori on underside of fronds Sporangia clustered in sori Ferns (cont.) Pteridium sp. Osmunda sp. 9

10 Fern Life Cycle Spores in the sporangium Ferns (cont.) Ferns (cont.) Indusia covers the sori 10

11 Ferns (cont.) Meiosis in sporangium Indusium ruptures Sporangium Indusium Annulus cells contract Lip cells rupture Spores ejected Ferns (cont.) Spore germinates into filamentous gametophyte Protonema develops into prothallus Ferns (cont.) Filamentous Gametophyte 11

12 Ferns (cont.) Rhizoids develop Antheridium forms Archegonia forms Free water is necessary Fertilization occurs Zygote forms Ferns (cont.) Prothallus used as food source First leaf and roots The new sporophyte Ferns (cont.) 12

13 Ferns (cont.) Gymnosperms Divisions Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta & Gnetophyta Naked Seeds Primitive plants Fossil records No flowers About 800 species Gymnosperms (cont.) Up to 15 cotyledons No endosperm Food stored in female (1n) gametophyte tissue in seed 13

14 Gymnosperms (cont.) Woody cones or leathery berries Gymnosperms (cont.) Gymnosperms (cont.) Leaves have one or two vascular bundles No cambium in foliage 14

15 Gymnosperms (cont.) Woody and branching Root system also woody and branching Wind pollinated Vascular tissue in stems in discrete rings See Handouts: Principles of Horticulture: Plant Structures and Pruning by G.B. Smith Gymnosperms (cont.) Needles Needle-like Overlapping scales Fused overlapping scales Pines in fascicles 15

16 Cycadophyta Cycas sp. Ginkgophyta Coniferophyta 16

17 Gnetophyta Welwitschia Welwitschia 17

18 Ephedra Gnetum The Flowering Plants Division Anthophyta Angiosperms Flowering plants Angiosperms divided into two groups 1. Monocotyledones the monocots 2. Dicotyledones the dicots 18

19 Monocots vs. Dicots About 235,000 species of flowering plants About 170,000 species of dicots About 65,000 species of monocots Monocot flower parts in 3s Flower Parts Dicot parts in 4s and 5s Flower Parts 19

20 Flower Parts See Handouts: The Flower Summary Overall Flower Morphology Flower Morphology Morphology refers to shape a : branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of animals and plants b:the form and structure of an organism or any of its parts Merriam Webster online dictionary 20

21 Flower Morphology Stigma, style and ovary Collectively referred to as the pistil Female parts of the flower 21

22 Flower Morphology Anther and filament Collectively referred to as the stamen Pollen occurs on the anther Male parts of the flower Petals modified leaves Often large and scented in insect pollenated plants Small and dull in wind pollinated plants Corolla the collective term for flower petals Flower Morphology Flower Morphology Not all flowers have separate petals Hence the term corolla 22

23 Flower Morphology Sepals modified leaves Some green, some colored Calyx the collective term for sepals Flower Morphology Monoecious both sexes occurring on the same plant... in separate male and female flowers Flower Morphology Dioecious sexes occurring in separate plants in separate male and female flowers 23

24 Flower Morphology Hermaphrodite (bisexual) both sexes occur in same flower Flower Morphology Complete flowers contains all four main flower parts corolla, calyx, pistil & stamen Incomplete flowers missing any one or more of the four parts Flower Morphology Perfect flowers contains both pistil and stamen in the same flower Imperfect flowers missing either pistil or stamen 24

25 Bilateral symmetry Right mirrors left Top does not mirror bottom Symmetry Pelargonium peltatum Ivy Geranium Radial symmetry Right mirrors left Top mirrors bottom Symmetry Malus sp. Crabapple Monocot Seeds have endosperm for food storage Seeds 25

26 Seeds Dicots use cotyledons for food stores Monocots have a single cotyledon Cotyledons Dicots have a pair of cotyledons Cotyledons 26

27 Cotyledons The Vascular System Monocots have random vascular bundles The Vascular System Dicots have discrete vascular rings 27

28 Above the Ground Monocots are non-woody They tend to be leafy Above the Ground Dicots are woody and branching The Leaves Monocots have parallel venation 28

29 The Leaves More parallel venation The Leaves Monocot leaves tatter in the wind The Leaves Dicots have netted venation 29

30 Monocots have a fibrous root system The Root System The Root System Dicots have a woody, branching root system 30