All about plants: Overview of Plants

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1 All about plants: Overview of Plants Plants (also called autotrophs or producers) trap energy from the sun by photosynthesis & store it in organic compounds; contain chlorophyll inside of chloroplasts; and release oxygen All plants are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that reproduce sexually Plants are very diverse & may be terrestrial or aquatic; greatly vary in size and life span Plants probably evolved from green algae; both have chlorophyll, have cell walls made of cellulose and store energy as starch First land plants had to develop adaptations to scarcity of water & climate changes Moving onto land allowed more sunlight, nutrients, & CO 2 for photosynthesis Bryophytes Seedless nonvascular plants o includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts o Lack vascular tissue (xylem & phloem) to carry water & food o Have a Sporophyte & Gametophyte stages - known as alternation of generations o Gametophyte is dominant stage o Reproduce by spores Adaptations of Plants Most plants have vascular tissue with true roots, stems, & leaves, but may or may not produce seeds Ferns, horsetails, & club mosses are seedless vascular plants that reproduce by spores The origin of vascular tissue (specialized tissue for carrying food, water, & minerals) was an evolutionary breakthrough in plant s colonization of land Two types of vascular tissue developed --- xylem & phloem Xylem carries water & inorganic nutrients from the roots to the stem & leaves Phloem carries food or nutrients made by the plants to wherever they're needed or stored in the plant Greater amount of water lost by evaporation (transpiration) on land A waxy covering or cuticle developed on all plant parts exposed to air which slowed transpiration (water loss) Other structural adaptations to land included roots for absorption of water and minerals; leaves for gas exchange and photosynthesis To be successful on land, plants had to develop protective seeds for their embryos with stored food or endoderm Seed-Bearing, Vascular Plants Plants that reproduce by seeds are divided into 2 groups --- gymnosperms & angiosperms Gymnosperms Angiosperms "naked seeds" protected by cones cone bearing plants (seeds grow on cones) needle like leaves usually stay green year round wind pollinated Examples: pine trees, cedars, spruce, fir & evergreens flowering plants seeds are enclosed in a fruit (ripened ovary with its seeds) most are pollinated by birds & bees have finite growing seasons Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, dandelions Divided into two main groups: Monocots & Dicots

2 Classes of Angiosperms Monocots have a single seed leaf, leaves with parallel veins, vascular tissue scattered in bundles throughout the stem, and flower parts in 3's or multiples of 3 Dicots have a 2 seed leaf, leaves with netted-veins, vascular tissue in rings in the stem, and flower parts in 4's or 5's multiples of 4 or 5 Monocots are usually herbaceous, while dicots often produce wood

3 Specialized Plant Cells Plants have 3 basic types of cells --- parenchyma, collenchyma, & sclerenchyma Parenchyma are loosely-packed, cube shaped or elongate cells with a large central vacuole & thin cell walls; specialize for various functions (storage, photosynthesis, etc.); most abundant & least specialized Collenchyma cells are irregular in shape with thicker cell walls & support the growing parts of plants; cell walls are also flexible to support new growth regions of the plant (example: tough strings on a celery stalk) Sclerenchyma cells support non-growing parts of plants because they have thick, rigid, nonstretchable cell walls; often die at maturity leaving empty, box-like structures Other Plant Tissues & Systems Tissues are groups of cells with similar structures & functions Plant tissues make up the main organs of a plant --- root, stem, leaf, & flower Plants have 3 tissue systems --- ground, dermal, and vascular tissues Ground tissue makes up most of the plant's body, dermal tissue covers the outside of the plant, & vascular tissue conducts water & nutrients In plants, the formation of new cells, tissues and organs is restricted almost entirely to regions known as meristems Root System Roots grow underground (subterranean part of the plant) Roots have 3 main functions --- (1)anchor plants (2) absorb and conduct water & minerals (3) store food Root & Shoot System of a Plant Leaf Structure & Function The leaf is a flat surfaces helps that helps leaves capture sunlight for photosynthesis (converting carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars) Photosynthesis Equation:

4 Attached by a stem-like petiole to the plant Simple leaves have one blade, while compound leaves have several leaflets Covered with a single layer of cells called epidermis (upper & lower) A waxy cuticle prevents water loss Openings called stomata on the underside of leaves for gas exchange (CO 2 & O 2) Two guard cells on either side of the stomata open & close the openings When guard cells LOSE water, the stoma CLOSE, while the stoma OPEN when guard cells gain water & swell Stomata are CLOSED during the HOTTEST parts of the day to prevent water loss from leaves Below the epidermis are 2 types of chlorophyll containing MESOPHYLL cells ---palisade & spongy PALISADE mesophyll cells are closely packed columnar cells (most photosynthesis occurs here) SPONGY mesophyll cells are loosely packed with air spaces containing CO 2 & O 2 VASCULAR BUNDLES (xylem & Phloem) in the spongy mesophyll appear as VEINS on the surface of the leaf; composed of xylem and phloem Reproduction of Angiosperms or Flowering Plants Bright colors, attractive shapes, and fragrant aromas help flowering plants attract their pollinators (insects, birds, mammals...) Flowers without bright colors and pleasing odors are usually wind or water pollinated (grasses) Pistils are the female part of the flower, while Stamens are the male part Sepals are found below the petals and may look leaf-like (some may be the same color as petals) Sepals enclose the flower bud before it opens ; collectively called calyx Petals are often colorful to attract pollinators; collectively called corolla

5 Perfect flowers have both stamens & pistils (rose) Imperfect flowers are either a male or female (pumpkin or melons) Plant Reproduction Pollen is produced by the stamen. Pollen moves away from the plant via the wind or other pollinators (birds & bees) The pollen lands on the pistil of another plant and fertilizes the eggs within the ovary The flower petals fall off, the ovary develops (ripens) into a fruit that encloses the seeds Fruits are dispersed in a variety of ways (wind, animals) Fruits are not always edible, anything with a seed inside can be considered a fruit (helicopters, acorns, dandelions) Asexual Reproduction in Plants Many plants can clone themselves, a process called vegetative propagation Examples: o strawberry plants and other vine like plants send out runners, which grow into new plants o some plant clippings will grow into new plants o a potato will grow into a new plant How Plants Grow Perennials - live several years, and reproduce many times, woody plants are perennials Annuals - a plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season (grows, flowers, reproduces and then dies) Biennials - takes two growing seasons to complete, it reproduces in the second growing season Plant Behavior Plants might not come when they are called or laugh when they are tickled, but they do exhibit certain behaviors. A tropism is a plant s response to a certain stimulus. Here are some examples of different tropisms: Phototropism: a plant will grow in the direction of sunlight Geotropism: a plant s roots will always grow down toward the center of the earth Hydrotropism: a plant s roots will always grow in the direction of water Thigmotropism: a plant will grow a certain way in response to a solid object (this is how plants grow along a windowsill or wooden archway) Different hormones are responsible for these different behaviors. Auxins are the hormones that make plants grow in general. When amounts of auxin are unevenly distributed in a plant, the result can be one of the above tropisms. Gibberellins are another common plant hormone that, when in excess, can make plants grow up tall and spindly.

6 Plant Questions Answer the following questions in the space below using complete sentences. 1. What is a plant? 2. What did plants probably evolve from? 3. What are seedless nonvascular plants? Give an example. 4. What are the two types of vascular tissue and what does each transport? 5. What are the two types of seed-bearing vascular plants? 6. Describe the characteristics of gymnosperms. 7. Describe the characteristics of angiosperms. 8. Into what two main groups are angiosperms subdivided? 9. Describe the characteristics of Monocots. Give several examples. 10. Describe the characteristics of Dicots. Give several examples. 11. What are the 3 types of specialized cells in plants and what is the function of each one? 12. What are the three types of plant tissue and where do you find each one? 13. Give the function of each of the following plant parts: a. root b. stomata c. leaf d. cuticle e. flower f. guard cell g. pistil h. stamen i. perfect flower j. imperfect flower

7 14. Label the parts of a leaf below: 15. Label the parts of the flower below: 16. Explain the process of forming a fruit or seed. 17. How do flowering plants disperse their seed? 18. Explain vegetative propagation. 19. What is a (n) Perennial- Annual- Biennial- 20. What is a tropism? 21. Define: a. phototropism b. geotropism c. hydrotropism d. thigmotropism 22. What two hormones are involved in the plants response system? 23. What do auxins do? What happens when auxins are unevenly distributed in a plant?

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