Bio Ch Plants.notebook. April 09, 2015

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2 Plants are vitally important to all life on Earth, especially humans Form the base of the food chain Medicines Clothing Building Materials 2

3 Plants for Food Cereals - The grass family - Rich in carbohydrates - Basis of human nutrition - Over half of the world's cultivated land is cereals - Rice, wheat, corn, oats, sorghum, rye 3

4 Legumes - Pea family - Bear protein-rich seeds - Often have nitrogen-fixing bacteria on their roots, therefore grow in nutrient poor soil - Soybeans, peas, alfalfa, peanuts, clover 4

5 Root Crops - Nutrients are stored in roots - Carrots, potatoes - Generally excellent source of carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals - Root system is called a Taproot 5

6 Fruits - Mature plant ovaries that enclose seed(s) - Grapes, tomatoes, berries, apples - There are fleshy and dry fruits - Fleshy = apples - Dry = Walnut 6

7 There are over 6.5 billion people in the world If it wasn't for mass agriculture we would not be able to produce enough food A famine is a long, widespread food shortage 7

8 Farmers in some areas practice a method called mixed cropping field If one crop fails, the second or third may still produce 8

9 The vast majority of medicines are made form plants Digitalis is a heart disease treatment that is obtained from the leaves of a foxglove plant Salicylic acid, the primary ingredient in aspirin, was originally obtained from the bark of a willow tree The tropical rain forests are being deforested at incredible rates...imagine the medicines we may be losing because we are causing plant species to go extinct 9

10 Other materials we get from plants: Paper Linseed oil Cellophane Lumber Oils Waxes Rubber (latex) 10

11 11

12 Plants have changed greatly over time The first land plants produced resistant reproductive cells called spores Later, plants developed seeds, which protected and nourished embryos Some developed woody tissues which allowed them to grow very tall 12

13 Plants are divided into two groups: Nonvascular plants Do not have vascular tissue (vessels), true roots, stems, or leaves Vascular plants Do have vascular tissue, true roots, stems, and leaves 13

14 Vascular plants are further divided into two groups: Gymnosperms - Produce seeds in cones Angiosperms - Produce seeds in flowers ("Flowering Plants") 14

15 Nonvascular Plants Because water and food has to move from cell to cell, nonvascular plants do not grow very large They need water to reproduce because the sperm must swim through water to an egg Examples: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts 15

16 Peat moss (Sphagnum) is a collection of decomposing mosses as fuel! 16

17 Vascular Plants Contain tissues called xylem and phloem Xylem - Tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves Phloem - Tissue that transports sugar from the leaves to the rest of the plant 17

18 Simple (seedless) Vascular Plants Plants that do not produce seeds Such as ferns, horsetails, and club mosses These plants require large amounts of water 18

19 Complex Vascular Plants Plants that produce seeds Some produce flowers and fruits, while others do not Divided into two groups: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms 19

20 Gymnosperms - Most keep their leaves year round (often called evergreens) - Produce seeds in cones - Pine tree 20

21 Angiosperms - Produce seeds from flowers - Crop plants, hardwood trees, shrubs, grasses 21

22 The male part of the flower is the The stemlike part of the stamen in the filament At the top of the stamen is the which contains the pollen grains Plants can have more than one stamen 22

23 The female part of the flower is called the The slender part of the pistil is the At the tip of the style The stigma produces a sticky material that traps pollen grains 23

24 The base of the pistil is the The ovary contains gametes (eggs) 24

25 The base of the flower is the receptacle Leaflike grow from the receptacle and enclose the flower before it opens 25

26 The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma is pollination Pollen can be transferred by wind, water, insects or even small animals Cross-pollination is when pollen from the anther of one flower is transferred to the stigma of another flower Self-pollination is when a stigma receives pollen from the anther of the same flower 26

27 After pollination, a pollen tube grows from a cell in the pollen grain, through the stigma, to an opening in an ovule Fertilization occurs when the sperm cell moves down through the pollen tube and combines with an ovum (egg) to form what will develop into a seed 27

28 A seed constists of three parts: 1.) The embryo (the "baby" plant) 2.) Stored food -Acts as a food source for the seed to start growing 3.) The seed coat - Protective Coating 28

29 While the ovule develops into a seed, the ovary develops into a fruit -The fruit supports and protects the seed -Fruits can be fleshy, like apples and tomatoes -They can by dry, like walnuts and pecans 29

30 Angiosperms are further divided into two groups: Monocots, and Dicots Monocots have one seed leaf Dicots have two seed leaves Cotyledons - Seed leaves 30

31 Mature monocots leaves have parallel venation Mature dicots leaves have netlike venation 31

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