Gymnosperms. Section 22-4

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1 Gymnosperms Section 22-4

2 Seeds can be found everywhere! Gymnosperms - bear their seeds directly in the surfaces of cones conifers such as pines and spruces cycads which are palmlike plants ginkgoes gnetophytes Angiosperms - (flowering plants) bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed. grasses flowering trees and shrubs all wildflowers and cultivated flowers

3 Reproduction Free From Water Seed plants have alternation of generations but DO NOT require water for fertilization of gametes Cones and Flowers The gametophytes of seed plants grow and mature within the sporophytes structure Cones are the seed-bearing structures of gymnosperms Flowers are the seed-bearing structures of angiosperm

4 Pollen A pollen grain contains the entire male gametophyte The pollen grain is carried to the female gametophyte by wind, insects, birds, small animals, or sometimes even bats. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male gametophyte to the female gametophyte.

5 Seeds A seed is an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply. An embryo is the early developmental stage of the sporophyte plant.

6 The seed coat surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out. Some seed coats are textured so they stick to fur. Some are contained in fleshy tissue that are eaten and dispersed by animals

7 After fertilization, the zygote contained within a seed grows into an embryo. When the embryo begins to grow, it uses nutrients from the stored food supply. Seeds can survive droughts, bitter cold, or extreme heat and grow when conditions are right.

8 Gymnosperms-Cone Bearers The most ancient surviving plant All reproduce with seeds that are exposed or commonly known as the "naked seed" plants

9 Gnetophytes The reproductive scales of these plants are clustered into cones. Ephedra is a genus of desert shrubs which is the source of the drug ephedrine a decongestant. Welwitschia has huge leathery leaves which spread across the ground and is found in the Namibian desert.

10 Cycads Palmlike plants that reproduce with large cones Huge forests of cycads thrived when dinosaurs roamed Earth Now, they can be found growing in tropical and subtropical places such as Mexico, the West Indies, Florida and parts of Asia, Africa and Australia

11 Ginkgoes Today, only one species lives that being the Ginkgo biloba It may be one of the oldest seed plant species alive today. Ginkgo trees were cultivated in China They are now planted in urban settings because of their toughness and resistance to air pollution.

12 Conifers more than 500 species of conifers Phylum includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, and yews. Some can live for more than 4000 years and grow to more than 100 meters in height.

13 Ecology of Conifers Thrive in a wide variety of habitats - on mountains, in sandy soil, and in cool, moist areas such as the temperate rain forest of the Pacific Northwest. Conifer leaves are adapted to dry conditions and are long and thin. (pine needles) This unique shape reduces the surface area from which water can be lost to evaporation

14 The leaves also have a thick, waxy layer to conserve water The openings of leaves that allow for gas exchange are located in cavities below the surface to reduce water loss

15 Most conifers are "evergreens" because they retain their leaves all year long. The needles remain on the plant for 2-14 years As older needles fall off, they are replaced by new ones so the trees never become bare.

16 Flowering Plants 22-5 Angiosperms The vast majority of living plant species today reproduce with flowers.

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18 Flowers and Fruits The reproductive organs in angiosperms are flowers Pollination is more efficient than gymnosperms because the flowers attract bees, moths or hummingbirds to transport pollen from flower to flower. Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds. Angiosperm means "enclosed seed"

19 After pollination, the ovary develops into a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in its dispersal. A fruit is a thick wall of tissue surrounding the seed. With animals eating the fruit and then traveling, the seeds can be spread over a wide area.

20 Diversity of Angiosperms There are many different ways to categorize angiosperms: Monocots and dicots Woody and herbaceous plants Annuals, biennials and perennials Sometimes the categories can overlap An iris is a monocot, herbaceous, perennial plant.

21 Monocots and Dicots The two classes within angiosperms are: Monocots Dicots They are named for the number of cotyledons or seed leaves in the plant embryo. Monocots have one seed leaf, and dicots have two. Monocots include corn, wheat, lilies, orchids and palms. Dicots include roses, clover, tomatoes, oaks, and daisies.

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24 Woody and Herbaceous Plants They are subdivided into groups according to their stems. Woody plants are made of thick cell walls that support the plant body. Trees, shrubs, and vines (grapes and ivy) Herbaceous plants have smooth, nonwoody stems. Dandelions, zinnias, petunias, and sunflowers

25 Monocots are usually herbaceous, while dicots often produce wood

26 Annuals, Biennials and Perennials There are three categories of plant life spans: Annual Biennial Perennial

27 Annuals complete a life cycle within one growing season. They grow from seed to maturity, flower, produce seeds and die all in the course of a year. They include many garden plants: marigolds, petunias, pansies, wheat, cucumbers

28 Biennials complete their life cycle in two years. In the first year, they germinate, grow roots, very short stems and sometimes leaves. In the second year, they grow new stems, leaves, produce flowers and seeds, and die. They include: parsley, celery, foxglove

29 Perennials live for more than two years. Some have herbaceous stems that die each winter and are replaced in the spring Examples: peonies, asparagus, grasses Some have woody stems and they include palm trees, sagebrush, maple trees, and honeysuckle

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