22 3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 1 of 33
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1 22 3 Seedless Vascular Plants 1 of 33
2 Evolution of Vascular Tissue Plants have vascular tissue, which is specialized to conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant. Xylem carries water from the roots to every part of a plant. Phloem transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis. 2 of 33
3 Evolution of Vascular Tissue Both xylem and phloem can move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of gravity. 3 of 33
4 Evolution of Vascular Tissue Together xylem and phloem move water, nutrients, and other materials throughout the plant. In many plants, xylem and lignin (a substance that makes cell walls rigid) enable them to grow upright and tall. 4 of 33
5 Ferns and Their Relatives Seedless vascular plants include: club mosses horsetails ferns 5 of 33
6 Ferns and Their Relatives Ferns and Their Relatives The most numerous phylum is the ferns. Ferns and their relatives have true roots, leaves, and stems. 6 of 33
7 Ferns and Their Relatives Roots are underground organs that absorb water and minerals. Leaves are photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles of vascular tissue. Tissue is gathered into veins made of xylem and phloem. Stems are supporting structures that connect roots and leaves, carrying water and nutrients between them. 7 of 33
8 Ferns and Their Relatives Club Mosses Club mosses are small plants that live in moist woodlands. 8 of 33
9 Ferns and Their Relatives Horsetails The only living genus of Arthrophyta is Equisetum. Equisetum has true leaves, stems, and roots. Equisetum is called horsetail, or scouring rush. 9 of 33
10 Ferns and Their Relatives Ferns Ferns thrive in wet areas with little light. 10 of 33
11 Life Cycle of Ferns Ferns have vascular tissues, strong roots, underground stems called rhizomes, and leaves called fronds. 11 of 33
12 Life Cycle of Ferns The Underside of a Fern Frond spores form for reproduction. Sporangia Sorus 12 of 33
13 22 4 Seed Plants 13 of 33
14 22-4 Seed Plants Seed plants are the most dominant group of photosynthetic organisms on land. 14 of 33
15 22-4 Seed Plants Seed plants are divided into two groups: Gymnosperms bear seeds directly on the surfaces of cones. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, bear seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed. 15 of 33
16 22-4 Seed Plants Gymnosperms include conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes. Angiosperms include grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, and all species of flowers. 16 of 33
17 Reproduction Free From Water Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include: flowers or cones the transfer of sperm by pollination the protection of embryos in seeds 17 of 33
18 22-3 Seedless Vascular Reproduction Plants Free From Water Cones and Flowers Gametophytes grow within sporophytes called cones, which are the seed-bearing structures of gymnosperms, and flowers, which are the seedbearing structures of angiosperms. Gametophyte generations live inside these structures. 18 of 33
19 Reproduction Free From Water Pollen The male gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called a pollen grain. Sperm do not need water to fertilize eggs; instead the pollen grain is carried to the female reproductive structure by wind, insects, or small animals. This transfer of pollen is called pollination. 19 of 33
20 Reproduction Free From Water Seeds A seed is an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply. An embryo is an organism in its early stage of development. The seed coat surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps contents of the seed from drying out. 20 of 33
21 Reproduction Free From Water Internal Structures of a Seed 21 of 33
22 Reproduction Free From Water Seeds may have special tissues or structures that aid in their dispersal to other habitats. Some seed coats stick to the fur or feathers of animals. Other seeds are within tissues eaten and dispersed by animals. 22 of 33
23 Reproduction Free From Water After fertilization, the zygote grows into a plant the embryo. The embryo can stop growing while it is within the seed, and it can remain this way for a long time. When it grows, it uses nutrients from the stored food supply. Seeds can survive extreme cold or heat, or even drought. 23 of 33
24 Gymnosperms Cone Bearers Gymnosperms Cone Bearers The four groups of gymnosperms are: gnetophytes cycads ginkgoes conifers 24 of 33
25 Gymnosperms Cone Bearers Gnetophytes About 70 species of the phylum Gnetophyta are known, placed in just three genera. Reproductive scales of these plants are clustered into cones. 25 of 33
26 Gymnosperms Cone Bearers Cycads Cycads are palmlike plants that reproduce with large cones. They grow naturally in tropical and subtropical places. 26 of 33
27 Gymnosperms Cone Bearers Ginkgoes The phylum Ginkgophyta contains only one species, Ginkgo biloba. Ginkgo trees are planted in U.S. cities because of their resistance to air pollution. 27 of 33
28 Gymnosperms Cone Bearers Conifers Conifers are the most common gymnosperms, with more than 500 known species. Conifers include pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, and yews. 28 of 33
29 Gymnosperms Cone Bearers Ecology of Conifers Conifer leaves have specific adaptations to dry conditions. Most developed long, thin leaves, which reduce evaporation. Their leaves have a thick, waxy layer. Most conifers are evergreens and retain leaves all year. 29 of 33
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