Biol 117/317; Summer Quarter

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edu Course website: http://courses.washington.

1 Biol 117/317; Summer Quarter Instructor: Yaowu Yuan Office: 408 Hitchcock Office hour: by appointment Course website: Pat Lu-Irving TAs: Valerie Soza Peer TAs: Kikii Kainga; Gabbie Guncay

2 Handout Course information sheet Syllabus Reading assignments online Lab exercise for this week is available in lab

3 Ref.1 Ref.2 Ref.3 Stem Fruit Solanum tuberosum Solanum lycopersicum Brassica oleracea Leaf Ref.4 Ref.6 Ref.5 Tulipa gesneriana Flower Lilium sp. Flower Root Daucus carota

4 Ref.1 Solanaceae Solanaceae Ref.2 Apiaceae Ref.6 Brassicaceae Ref.3 Liliaceae Ref.4 Ref.5 Liliaceae

5 Course Objective 1 Get to know many plants frequently encountered in our daily life (e.g., which part of the plants we are using, their scientific names, which families they belong to, relationships between each other, and so on----) Ref.1 Ref.2 Ref.6 Ref.3 Ref.4 Ref.5

6 Native Flora Ranunculaceae Caryophyllaceae Ericaceae Polemoniaceae

7 Course Objective 2 Learn to recognize important plant families by sight: 35 (117 families) + 10 (317 families) = 85-90% of families in PNW Ref.1 What species are they? Solanum tuberosum

8 Course Objective 3 Gain the skills of identifying unknown plants by use of keys and published Floras and manuals Ref. 17 Ref. 18 Ref. 19

9 Ref. 7 Textbook flowering plant structure

10 Root variation Ref. 8

11 Stem variation Ref. 9 Ref. 10 Ref. 13 Ref. 12 Ref. 11

12 Ref. 14 Leaf variation

13 Flower variation Ref. Yudai Okuyama s website

14 Ref. 15 Fruit variation

15 Course Objective 4 Appreciate the amazing diversity of plant vegetative/reproductive morphology

16 Course Objective 5 Understand the principles and philosophy of plant classification Ref. 14

17 Course Objectives Get to know many plants frequently encountered in our daily life; Learn to recognize important plant families by sight; Gain the skills of identifying unknown plants by use of keys and published Floras and manuals; Appreciate the amazing diversity of plant vegetative/reproductive morphology; Understand the principles and philosophy of plant classification;

18 Additional Materials Pollination biology / plant mating systems; Crop domestication; Genetics / evolution / development of flora organs; Speciation / hybridization / polyploidization; UW herbarium research on the PNW flora; Invasive species and their impact to our native flora;

19 How do we accomplish these work? Expectations: Attend lecture & lab (including numerous campus walk, greenhouse tour and medicinal herb garden tour); Lab starts today; (This week: learn Pacific Northwest conifers -- the PNW is unusual in having conifer dominated communities) Field trips: July 23 to Washington Park Arboretum during lab required August 2 to Grand Park, Mt. Rainier optional

20 How do we accomplish these work? (cont.) Books: Required: W. Judd et al.: Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Optional: Hitchcock and Cronquist: Flora of PNW (B.C., OR, WA, ID, MT) Harris and Harris: Plant Identification Terminology (illustrated glossary) Copies will be available on reserve at OUGL and at BSA

21 How do we accomplish these work? (cont.) Quiz, exam, and presentation: 2 lecture exams 3 lab quizzes, 2-part lab final (Lecture and Labs both worth about 50% of total course points) Final presentation (317 only) Distinguish between BIOL 117 and BIOL 317 requirements. - lectures and lecture exams same - labs same, except 10 families required for 317 that are only bonus for Final presentation required for 317

22 Nomenclature Why naming is important? George George Bush George W. Bush Jr. George W. Bush Ref. 20 Plants often have many different common names and the same common name may be associated with many different plants. Ref.1 Solanum tuberosum Mabberley, the plant book, 1997

Linnaeus System Species Plantarum (1753) Early scientific names for the common wild briar rose: Rosa sylvestris inodora seu canina or Rosa sylvestris alba cum rubore, folio glabro Carolus Linnaeus,

23 Linnaeus System Species Plantarum (1753) Early scientific names for the common wild briar rose: Rosa sylvestris inodora seu canina or Rosa sylvestris alba cum rubore, folio glabro Carolus Linnaeus, detail of a portrait by Alexander Roslin, 1775; in the Svenska Porträttarkivet, Stockholm. Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus Binomial nomenclature e.g., Homo sapiens, Solanum tuberosum Hierarchial system Groups nested in larger groups; ranks Kingdom/Phylum/Class/Order/Family/ Genus/Species Flexible system: categories can be incorporated easily as need, e.g., Family/subfamily/tribe/genus/ subgenus/species/variety

24 Hierarchial system Kingdom Plantae Ref.1 Phylum Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Subclass Asteridae Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Genus Solanum Species Solanum lycopersicum L. The L. stands for Linnaeus; author s name Solanum tuberosum

25 Classification What is Classification? Daily life- the sorting of things into groups and the assigning of names to those groups. Biological science - The grouping of organisms into categories based on shared characteristics or traits. Why is this important? Dealing with large amounts of information Essential to our understanding and communication about the natural world Power of prediction To make sense of comparative studies; Prevents comparing apples and oranges! classification is the way we communicate about biological diversity

26 How do we classify organisms (e.g., plants)? Group organisms based on how alike they appear (morphological similarity). Today, scientists use: 1. Visible morphology - structures (like you will learn from today on in labs) 2. Anatomy internal or microscopic structures 3. Chemicals presence/absence, pigments, toxins, etc. 4. Genetics chromosome, DNA similarity Linnaeus called his system the Sexual System, because he used the presence or absence and number of sexual parts as the basis for classification. 24 classes for all plants, on the basis of number, union, and length of stamens. Classes into orders on the basis of number of styles in each flower.

27 Linnaeus Sexual System Ref. 21

28 Artificial/Phylogenetic (Natural) classification Why is classification important? Dealing with large amounts of information Essential to our understanding and communication about the natural world Power of prediction To make sense of comparative studies; Prevents comparing apples and oranges! Species Plantarum was published in 1753, 100 years before anyone had heard of the idea of evolution. At the time, people thought species were static or unchanging. Linnaeus system was artificial. Artificial classification - with no regard for evolutionary relationships (e.g., any classification of things other than living beings would have to be artificial). e.g., rocks, tables.

any classification of life should be genealogical and would naturally be

29 Artificial/(Phylogenetic) Natural classification cont. Charles Darwin (1859 On the Origin of Species) was the first to suggest that any classification of life should be genealogical and would naturally be hierarchical; now we call this phylogenetic Charles Darwin (1859) Haekel s tree of life (1866) Ref. 22 Ref. 23

30 Systematics as a process Since Darwin, scientists (systematists/taxomist) over time have placed more and more emphasis on developing natural classification systems that reflect the evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) of a group of organisms. Classification and naming are the basic activities of systematics, which is the study of biological diversity and its evolutionary history. Sometimes people also refer these activities as Taxonomy. Just like any other kinds of science, systematics is a process. The goal to classify life based on its evolutionary history is still very much an ongoing process. As a result, our classifications are dynamic------

31 Classifications are dynamic--- Ref.2 Before: Lycopersicon esculentum Now: Solanum lycopersicum Spooner et al., Am. J. Bot. 80:

32 Image Source Ref.1 Ref.2 Ref.3 Ref.4 Ref.5 Ref.6 Ref.7 Ref.8 Ref.9 Ref.10 Ref.11 Ref.12 Ref.13 Ref.14 Ref.15 Ref.16 Ref.17 Ref.18 Ref.19 Ref Ref.21 Ref Ref.23

Biol 317: Plant Classification & Identification Summer 2012

Biol 317: Plant Classification & Identification Summer 2012 Instructor: Ryan Miller Office: 408 Hitchcock Office hours: TTH 10-11am or by appointment Email: rjarekm@uw.edu Course website: http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/summer/