The Living Environment Unit 4 History of Biological Diversity Unit 17: Organizing the Diversity of Life-class key.
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1 Name: Period:
2 Chapter 17 assignments Pages/Sections Date Assigned Date Due
3 Topic: The Tree of Life Objective: How may we organize so many different organisms? The Tree of Life o organize organisms by structure & function. o how they are built. o how they live. o Organize them into groups of closely related organisms.
4 Topic: Classification & Taxonomy Objective: Describe and define classification and taxonomy. Classification o _classification_ grouping_ of different types of _things_ based upon _similarities_ in structure and timeline relationships. Taxonomy o _taxonomy_ the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different _characteristics_.
5 Topic: Taxonomy Objective: Describe the use of taxonomy in biology. Taxonomy: A useful tool o grouping organisms on the basis of their _evolutionary_ relationships makes it easier to understand biological diversity. o Can be a useful tool for scientists who work in agriculture, forestry, and medicine. o It often happens that the discovery of new sources of lumber, medicines, and energy results from the work of _taxonomists_.
6 Topic: Dichotomous Keys Objective: Describe and define using keys in taxonomy. Dichotomous key: A useful tool o Anyone can learn to identify many organisms using a dichotomous key. o A key is made up of sets of numbered statements. Each set deals with a single characteristic of an organism, such as leaf shape or arrangement.
7 Topic: Classification in History Objective: Describe the origins of modern classification. How Classification Began o Aristotle s system: ( B.C.) Classified all the organisms he knew into two groups: plants and animals. o Carolus Linnaeus ( ) System was based on physical and structural similarities of organisms. each species has a two part name comprised of: Genus species
8 Topic: Latin Binomial Naming Objective: Describe and define the two-name system. Latin binomial o two part scientific name Genus larger group to which organism belongs. Always capitalized. species specific name for that organism. Always lowercase. When typing or writing they are in italics. Example: Linnaeus named humans Homo sapiens. Means wise man.
9 Topic: Genus Objective: Describe and define Genus groupings. Genus groupings o Classify organisms into broader groups. o species that are closely related are grouped into the same genus. Spotted leopard: Panthera pardus African lion: Panthera leo Bengal tiger: Panthera tigris
10 Topic: Reasons for Latin names Objective: Describe the reasoning behind binomial naming. Why not use common names? o Misleading Starfish-not a fish Dragonfly-not a dragon o Confusing blue jay, blue coat, corn thief-all the same animal dog, perro, chien-all the same animal
11 Topic: Classification & Taxonomy Objective: Describe and define classification and taxonomy. many common names in different languages_, but they all have only one scientific name.
12 Classifying Organisms using taxa.
13 Topic: Classifying of Organisms Objective: Describe and define classification of living things. How Living Things Are Classified o A group of organisms is called a taxon. o Organisms are ranked in taxa that range from having very broad characteristics to very specific ones. o The broader a taxon, the more general its characteristics, and the _more species_ it contains.
14 Notes page:
15 Name: Period: Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in. Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise. Check for Understanding 1. Describe in your own words why we need to use taxonomy systems to name organisms. a. 2. The common rat is named rattus norwegius. Check if that name is written correctly, and if not, correctly write it. a. 3. According to the chart on page 12 of this packet, what order would you expect killer whales, grizzly bears, and wolves to belong? a. (Cont d on back)
16 4. Think of a name for humans, not using the scientific Latin two-name system, but only using descriptive terms. Your name can be as long as necessary to adequately describe a human. a.
17 Notes page:
18 Bacteria & Archae Six Kingdom biology taxonomy
19 Topic: Domains Objective: Describe and define the six domains of organisms. Six Domain ( Kingdom ) system Prokaryotes o no separate _organelles_ in their cells. 1. bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukaryotes o Separate _organelles_ in their cells. o Protists 4. Plants 5. Fungi 6. Animals
20 Topic: Kingdoms Objective: Describe and define the broadest level of taxonomy. Kingdoms o based on the following criteria : 1. absence or presence of a nuclear membrane. 2. _unicellular_ or _multicellular_. 3. Type of nutrition.
21 Topic: Bacteria & Archea Objective: Describe and define the prokaryotic Kingdoms. bacteria and Archaea ( six kingdom ) o more modern divided Bacteria & Archaea ( Archaea inhabit extreme environments). o _Prokaryotes_ Most primitive life forms on Earth. most are _unicellular_. asexual reproduction. Many have a cell wall.
22 Topic: Protista Objective: Describe and define the eukaryotic Kingdom. Protista o _Eukaryotes_ o Moist environments. o Mostly _unicellular_. o Most diversity. o Most _nutritionally diverse.
23 Topic: Fungi Objective: Describe and define the fungi Kingdom. Fungi o Eukaryotes. o Mostly multicellular. o Asexual and sexual-_reproduction_. o _heterotrophic_ -absorption.
24 Topic: Plantae Objective: Describe and define the plant Kingdom. Plantae o Eukaryotes. o multicellular. o sexual / asexual. o _autotrophic_ (photosynthesis).
25 Topic: Animalia Objective: Describe and define the animal Kingdom. Animalia o Eukaryotes. o multicellular. o sexual / asexual. o _heterotrophic_ - ingestion.
26 Topic: Species Classification Objective: Describe and define what makes a species. Determining a species 1. biological species o Organisms that breed in nature and create fertile offspring. o Exceptions: dogs & wolves; some plants. o Still is most common definition of species. 2. _phylogenic_ species o Organisms showing a distinct timeline ancestry. o Useful for classifying extinct organisms.
27 3. _morphological_ species o Organisms showing very structural similar characteristics. o birds and dinosaurs. 4. _biochemical_ species o Organisms that have very closely matched _biochemical_ (amino acids, proteins, & nucleic acids) makeup. o Organisms that may/may not look similar may be much closer related chemically and genetically.
28 Notes page:
29 Name: Period: Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in. Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise. Check for Understanding 1. How many domains do modern biologists use today? List them in order from least complex to most complex. a. 2. What main difference separates prokaryotic organisms from eukaryotic organisms? a. 3. Which Kingdom has the most diverse types of organisms? Explain your answer. a. (Cont d on back)
30 4. There are four ways to determine a species. Choose two and compare and/or contrast the ways they determine a species. a.
31 Notes page:
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