Prof. dr. ir. Hubert Paelinck. CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY COLLEGE GHENT Technology Campus Ghent Gebroeders Desmetstraat 1 B-9000 Gent Belgium
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1 Prof. dr. ir. Hubert Paelinck CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY COLLEGE GHENT Technology Campus Ghent Gebroeders Desmetstraat 1 B-9000 Gent Belgium
2 CONTENT 1. Plant morphology: - General aspects - Plant cell - Cell differentiation - Subcellular structures (plastids, cell wall) 2. Plant anatomy: - Roots - Stems - Leaves - Fruits 3. Functional compounds: - Proteins - Fat and oils - Carbohydrates - Polyphenols
3 1. Plant morphology: general aspects sch w: root hy: hypocotyl sch: shoot b: leaf sgp: flower/fruit
4 1. Plant morphology: general aspects
5 Fat droplet 1. Plant morphology: plant cell
6 1. Plant morphology: cell differentiation CELL DIFFERENTIATION PLANT ORGANS v: vacuole (H 2 O + starch granules) p: cytoplasm (proteins + fat droplets) w: cell wall (e.g. cellulose,.)
7 1. Plant morphology: subcellular structures PLASTIDS
8 1. Plant morphology: subcellular structures PLASTIDS (CHLOROPLAST) thylakoid membrane starch granule pr: proteins ch: chlorophyl ct: carotenoids fl: pospholipids
9 1. Plant morphology: subcellular structures CHLOROPHYLL protochlorophyllide chlorophyll a chlorophyll b
10 1. Plant morphology: subcellular structures PLASTIDS (CHROMOPLAST) Carotenoids Xanthophyll β-carotene lutein zeaxanthin crocetin bixin
11 1. Plant morphology: subcellular structures Anthocyanins FLAVONOIDS Chokeberry mg/100g Eggplant 750 BloodOrange 200 Ordinaryburr 115 Blueberries Raspberry KersCherry Blackcurrant Grape (Red) Rode wijnred wine 24-35
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13 1. Plant morphology: cell wall m: middle lamella pw: primary cell wall sh: secondary cell wall tw: tertuary cell wall CELL WALL cellulose Uu mf: cellulose microfibril
14 2. Plant anatomy: roots 1. Vascular tissues - xylem: water-conducting tissue - phloem: food-conducting tissue 2. Cortrex: food storage!!!!!
15 2. Plant anatomy: roots ROOTS:VEGETABLES Hy Hy hy 1. Cultivated carrot: daucus carota sativa 2. Parsnip: Pastinaca sativa 3. Scorzonera: Scorzonera hispanica Sugar beet: Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris var. Altissima 6. Kohlrabi: Brassica napobrassica Radish: Raphanus sativus subsp. sativus 9. Rammnas: Raphanus sativus subsp. niger 10.Beetroot: B. vulgaris L. subsp. conditiva
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17 2. Plant anatomy: roots kcal Protein Lipids Sugars Starch Fibers H 2 O Carrot Parsnip Scorzonera Sugar beet Kohlrabi Radish Rammnas Beetroot
18 2. Plant anatomy: stems HERBACEOUS STEM WOOD
19 2. Plant anatomy: stems STEMS:VEGETABLES 1. Asparagus: Asparagus officinalis 2. Chard: Beta vulgaris cicla 3. Rhubarb: Rheum rhabarbarum Potato: Solanum tuberosum Onion: Allium cepa 8. Shallot: Allium ascalonicum 9. Garlic: Allium sativum
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21 2. Plant anatomy: stems kcal Protein Lipids Sugars Starch Fibers H 2 O Asparagus Chard Rhubarb Potato Onion Shallot Garlic
22 LEAVES: GREENS 2. Plant anatomy: leaves
23 2. Plant anatomy: leaves LEAVES: GREENS 1. Lettuce: Lactuca sativa 2. Spinach: Spinacia oleracea 3. Celery: Apium graveolens var. dulce 4. Chicory (Belgian endive): Cichorium intybus var. foliosum Leek: Allium ampeloprasum 7. White cabbage: Brassica oleracea var. capitata, var. tuba 8. Savoy: Brassica oleracea var. Capitata, var. sabauda
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25 2. Plant anatomy: leaves kcal Protein Lipids Sugars Starch Fibers H 2 O Lettuce Spinach Celery Chicory Leek W. cabbage Savoy
26 2. Plant anatomy: fruits SEED Flower (modified bud) EMBRYO SAC Pollination
27 2. Plant anatomy: fruits stigma style ovule embryo sac integuments PERICARP Ovary FRUIT = PERICARP + SEED SEED = TESTA + ENDOSPERM + EMBRYO ENDOSPERM + EMBRYO TESTA (seed coat) receptacle pedicel
28 2. Plant anatomy: fruits FRUITS: FRUIT stigma APPEL, PEAR style ovule embryo sac integuments Ovary STRAWBERRY receptacle pedicel
29 2. Plant anatomy: fruits FRUITS: FRUIT stigma style ovule embryo sac Ovary integuments receptacle pedicel
30 2. Plant anatomy: fruits FRUITS: FRUIT kcal Protein Lipids Sugars Starch Fibers H 2 O Stawberry Appel Pear Cherry Peach Grape Melon Orange
31 2. Plant anatomy: fruits FRUITS: VEGETABLES stigma pericarp style ovule embryo sac Ovary integuments receptacle pedicel
32 2. Plant anatomy: fruits FRUITS: VEGETABLES kcal Protein Lipids Sugars Starch Fibers H 2 O Cumcumber Abergine Tomato Avocado Haricot Snow pea
33 2. Plant anatomy: fruits FRUITS: LEGUMES stigma style dicot seed ovule embryo sac Ovary integuments receptacle pedicel
34 2. Plant anatomy: fruits FRUITS: LEGUMES kcal Protein Lipids Sugars Starch Fibers H 2 O Green pea Bean(dry) Lentils (dry) Soybean
35 2. Plant anatomy: fruits FRUITS: CEREALS stigma ENDOSPERM EMBRYO germ style monocot seed ovule embryo sac integuments Ovary receptacle pedicel
36 2. Plant anatomy: fruits FRUITS: CEREALS kcal Protein Lipids Sugars Starch Fibers H 2 O Wheat Wheat germ Barly Rye Maize Rice* * parboiled
37 2. Plant anatomy: fruits FRUITS: NUTS stigma pericarp style ovule embryo sac Ovary integuments receptacle pedicel
38 2. Plant anatomy: fruits FRUITS: NUTS kcal Protein Lipids Sugars Starch Fibers H 2 O Chesnut Hazelnut Almond Walnut Coconut Peanut Olive
39 3. Functional compounds: proteins PROTEINS: main sources Protein content * Expressed as chemical score Biological value* Remarks Wheat gluten: bread making Rice Maize 9 43 Barly brewing Soybean Protein supplement fodder, veggies (tofu ) French bean Green pea ca Peanut 27 67
40 3. Functional compounds: fats and oils LIPIDS: main sources Kcal Saturated fats Monounsaturated Fat Polyunsaturated Fat Coconut fat Cacao butter Palm kernel fat Palm oil Olive oil Peanut oil Maize oil Sunflower oil Soya oil Walnut oil
41 3. Functional compounds: carbohydrates MONO- & DISACCHARIDES D-Glucose Fischer projection α-d-glucopyranose D-Fructose Saccharose Xxxx xxxx α-d-fructofuranose O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 2)-β-D-fructofuranoside
42 3. Functional compounds: carbohydrates MONO- & DISACCHARIDES Main sources Total sugars Glucose Fructose Sacharose Appel Pear Peach Grapes Fig (dry) Carrot Onion Sugar Cane Sugar Beet Honey 82* * % maltose
43 3. Functional compounds: carbohydrates Amylose STARCHES Amylopectine α(1 4) linked D-glucose + α(1 6) bonds :1/20 amylose/amylopectine: 1/4
44 3. Functional compounds: carbohydrates STARCHES Starch granule amylose/amylopectine: 1/4
45 3. Functional compounds: carbohydrates PECTIN CELL WALL CONSTITUENTS α-(1 4)-linked D-galacturonic acid HM-pectine en LM-pectine
46 3. Functional compounds: carbohydrates CELL WALL CONSTITUENTS CELLULOSE β(1 4) linked D-glucose
47 3. Functional compounds: carbohydrates CELL WALL CONSTITUENTS HEMICELLULOSE Xylans β(1 4) linked xylose Glucomannans β(1 4) randomly linked glucose and mannose Arabinogalactans α(1 3) linked galacturonic acid
48 3. Functional compounds: carbohydrates LIGNIN CELL WALL CONSTITUENTS Tertuary cell wall Insoluble, high-molecular-weight polymer of coumaryl (1), Coniferyl (2), and sinpyl (3) alcohols (1) (2) (3)
49 3. Functional compounds: polyphenols POLYPHENOLS 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid Vanillin Hydroxybenzoic acid Hydroxycinnamic acid Gallic acid Tannic acid
50 3. Functional compounds: polyphenols POLYPHENOLS Coumaric acid Hydroxybenzoic acid Hydroxycinnamic acid Ferulic acid Sinapinic acid
51 3. Functional compounds: polyphenols POLYPHENOLS Hesperitin Flavanolen Flavanonen Naringenin
52 3. Functional compounds: polyphenols POLYPHENOLS Quercetin Flavonolen
53 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION SMAKELIJK SMACZNEGO
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