Crop Physiology. Plant/Crop Physiology. First

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Crop Physiology. Plant/Crop Physiology. First"

Transcription

1 Plant/Crop Physiology Plant physiology is a sub-discipline of botany concerned with the functioning of plants. Includes the study of all the internal activities of plants those chemical and physical processes associated with life as they occur in plants Crop Physiology Includes at the smallest scale : molecular interactions of photosynthesis and internal diffusion of water, minerals, and nutrients. at the largest scale : processes of plant development, seasonality, dormancy, and reproductive control. The scope of crop physiology as a discipline may be divided into several major areas of research. First The study of phytochemistry (plant chemistry) is included within the domain of plant physiology. In order to function and survive, plants produce a wide array of chemical compounds not found in other organisms. Photosynthesis requires a large array of pigments, enzymes, and other compounds to function. Because they cannot move, plants must also defend themselves chemically from herbivores, pathogens and competition from other plants. They do this by producing toxins and foul-tasting or smelling chemicals. Other compounds defend plants against disease, permit survival during drought, and prepare plants for dormancy. While other compounds are used to attract pollinators or herbivores to spread ripe seeds.

2 Secondly Plant physiology includes the study of biological and chemical processes of individual plant cells. Plant cells have a number of features that distinguish them from cells of animals, and which lead to major differences in the way that plant life behaves and responds differently from animal life. For example, plant cells have a cell wall which restricts the shape of plant cells and thereby limits the flexibility and mobility of plants. Plant cells also contain chlorophyll, a chemical compound that interacts with light in a way that enables plants to manufacture their own nutrients rather than consuming other living things as animals do. Thirdly Plant physiology deals with interactions between cells, tissues, and organs within a plant. Different cells and tissues are physically and chemically specialized to perform different functions. Roots and rhizoids function to anchor the plant and acquire minerals in the soil. Leaves function to catch light in order to manufacture nutrients. For both of these organs to remain living, the minerals acquired by the roots must be transported to the leaves and the nutrients manufactured in the leaves must be transported to the roots. Plants have developed a number of means by which this transport may occur, such as vascular tissue, and the functioning of the various modes of transport is studied by plant physiologists. Fourthly Plant physiologists study the ways that plants control or regulate internal functions. plants produce chemicals called hormones which are produced in one part of the plant to signal cells in another part of the plant to respond. Many flowering plants bloom at the appropriate time because of light-sensitive compounds that respond to the length of the night, a phenomenon known as photoperiodism. The ripening of fruit and loss of leaves in the winter are controlled in part by the production of the gas ethylene by the plant. Finally Plant physiology includes the study of how plants respond to conditions and variation in the environment, a field known as environmental physiology. Stress from water loss, changes in air chemistry, or crowding by other plants can lead to changes in the way a plant functions. These changes may be affected by genetic, chemical, and physical factors.

3 Cell Structures & Plant Anatomy Cells Types & Structural Differences Prokaryotic cells 1. No organelles 2. Cell membrane 3. Nucleiod 4. Cell wall 5. Ribosomes 6. Cytoplasm 7. Plasmid 8. Flagella/cilia NOT organelles Eukaryotic Cells 1. Organelles 2. Cell membrane 3. Cytoplasm 4. Ribosomes Animal cells 1. Lysosomes Plant Cells 1. Cell wall 2. Plastids 3. Large central vacuole Plant Cell Illustration The Cell Boundary Cell Wall - structure found around plant cells, fungi cells, and certain protists, as well as prokaryotic cells. Located outside of the plasma membrane and is composed primarily of cellulose (in plants).

4 Plant cell walls Extracellular cell wall made of cellulose. Plasmodesmata connect neighboring cells Primary cell walls--all plant cells Secondary cell walls only in some cells Lignin--polymer of alcohols, stable, resistant waterproof coating The Cell Boundary Plasma Membrane - selectively permeable membrane that is approximately 0.1 um thick

5 Internal Structures of Cells Cytoplasm - semi fluid, that serves as a pool of raw materials. Most (70%) is water, and the rest is proteins (mostly), carbohydrates, and nucleotides, as well as their monomers. Nucleus Two chief functions a) carry hereditary information b) exert influence on ongoing cell activity, helping to to maintain homeostasis. Contains DNA in the form of chromatin fibers or chromosomes Nuclear Envelope - double membrane formed by two lipid bi-layers perforated by pores through which RNA passes Nucleolus (typically 2 per cell) - it manufactures ribosomal RNA Organelles of Synthesis, Storage, and Export Endoplasmic reticulum Network of flattened hollow tubules and channels Smooth ER - manufactures lipids, contains enzymes that detoxify certain poisons, transports carbohydrates, lipids, and other non-proteins. Rough ER - these tubules are studded with ribosomes Ribosomes small structures occurring mostly in the cytoplasm site of protein synthesis molecular complexes of ribosomal RNA and proteins.

6 Golgi Apparatus Collection of flat sacs that transport proteins produced by rough ER to the outside of the cell. Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus modify proteins by adding functional groups. Microbodies Peroxisomes - aid in the metabolism of glycolic acid during cell respiration Glyoxysomes - contain enzymes aiding conversion of fats to carbohydrates during seed germination of some plants. Energy Organelles 1. Mitochondria - double membrane bound organelle ATP is produced here by cell respiration elongate and surrounded by 2 phosphobilipid membranes

7 Energy Organelles 2. Plastids - found in plants, some protists a. Chloroplasts - site photosynthesis contain chlorophyll pigment double membranes like mitochondria b. Chromoplasts - store yellow, orange, and red pigments give the color to fruits and flowers Electron micrograph of a chloroplast from a leaf of timothy grass, Phleum pratense c. Leucoplasts - store starches and proteins in plants Vacuoles - Small in animal cells (storage) Plant cells - Central Vacuole appears as empty space, pushing the other organelles and cytoplasm towards the outer boundary of the cell & storing water. Vacuoles bound by a single membrane - tonoplast. Functions: a) taking up space; pushing other organelles closer to the plasma membrane & give cell its shape, b) store waste products to be released later or to prevent other organisms from eating them c) in some single-celled organisms, they are used to eliminate water (Contractile Vacuole).

8 The cells of a plant are classified into three cell types Parenchyma cells Collenchyma cells Sclerenchyma cells Parenchyma cells Least specialized cell type Primarily involved in metabolism Thin primary cell wall (no secondary cell wall) Alive at maturity Examples: photosynthetic cells of the shoot system, starch- or sugar-storing cells Collenchyma cells Unevenly thickened primary (1 ) cell walls Mechanical support Cell walls are flexible (no 2 cell walls) Alive at maturity Example: the 'strings' in a stalk of celery Sclerenchyma Mechanical support Thick secondary cell walls, often with lignin Usually dead at maturity Fibers-long, sclereids-short Examples: flax stems (fibers), walnut shells, gritty cells in pears (sclereids), xylem cells

9 The cells of a plant are organized into three tissue systems Dermal Vascular Ground Dermal tissue system Function: protection, minimize water loss Epidermis covered by a waxy cuticle Leaves -- stomata and guard cells - by which air enters the leaf. Long root hairs increase surface area for water absorption. Vascular tissue system-xylem Transport of water (and all dissolved solutes) from roots Tracheids and vessel elements conduct water Thick 2 cell walls Dead at maturity Tracheids and vessel elements Tracheids: narrow and elongated Pits Gymnosperms have only tracheids Vessel elements - short and cylindrical Line up end-to-end (vessel) Holes in their end walls allow free movement of water Only in angiosperms

10 Vascular tissue system-phloem Sieve-tube members, companion cells Alive at maturity Sieve-tube members lack nuclei and ribosomes. Dependent on companion cells Active transport between the cytoplasm of successive sieve-tube members via plasmodesmata. Selectively transport specific solute molecules (e.g. sucrose). Vascular tissues also provides some mechanical support From the cell walls of tracheids and vessel elements (sclerenchyma) From the hydrostatic pressure of the liquids within the vascular tissue Ground tissue system Fills the spaces between the epidermis and vascular tissues

11

Plant Structure and Function (Ch. 23)

Plant Structure and Function (Ch. 23) Plant Structure and Function (Ch. 23) Basic plant anatomy 1 root root tip root hairs Roots Roots anchor plant in soil, absorb minerals & water, & store food fibrous roots (1) mat of thin roots that spread

More information

Plant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves

Plant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves Plant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues and cells Plants, like animals, have organs composed of different tissues, which are composed of cells. Tissue is

More information

Plant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves

Plant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves Plant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues and cells Plants, like animals, have organs composed of different tissues, which are composed of cells. Tissue is

More information

Plant Anatomy AP Biology

Plant Anatomy AP Biology Plant Anatomy 2006-2007 Basic plant anatomy 1 root root tip root hairs Roots 1 Roots anchor plant in soil, absorb minerals & water, & store food fibrous roots (1) mat of thin roots that spread out monocots

More information

Today: Plant Structure Exam II is on F March 31

Today: Plant Structure Exam II is on F March 31 Next few lectures are on plant form and function Today: Plant Structure Exam II is on F March 31 Outline Plant structure I. Plant Cells structure & different types II. Types of meristems Apical meristems:

More information

The Science of Plants in Agriculture Pl.Sci 102. Getting to Know Plants

The Science of Plants in Agriculture Pl.Sci 102. Getting to Know Plants The Science of Plants in Agriculture Pl.Sci 102 Getting to Know Plants Growth and Development of Plants Growth and Development of Plants Why it s important to have knowledge about plant development. What

More information

Division Ave. High School AP Biology

Division Ave. High School AP Biology Monocots & dicots Angiosperm are divide into 2 classes dicots (eudicot) 2 cotyledons (seed leaves) leaves with network of veins woody plants, trees, shrubs, beans monocots 1 cotyledon leaves with parallel

More information

The Cell Notes 1 of 11

The Cell Notes 1 of 11 The Cell The basic unit of structure and function in living things The smallest units in living things The smallest units in living things that show the characteristics of life Organisms can be made of

More information

Plant Tissues and Organs. Topic 13 Plant Science Subtopics , ,

Plant Tissues and Organs. Topic 13 Plant Science Subtopics , , Plant Tissues and Organs Topic 13 Plant Science Subtopics 13.1.2, 13.1.3, 13.1.4 Objectives: List and describe the major plant organs their structure and function List and describe the major types of plant

More information

The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells. Plants, like multicellular animals:

The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells. Plants, like multicellular animals: Chapter 28 The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells Plants, like multicellular animals: o Have organs composed of different tissues, which are in turn composed of cells 3 basic organs:

More information

AP Biology. Basic anatomy. Chapter 35. Plant Anatomy. Shoots. Expanded anatomy. Roots. Modified shoots root shoot (stem) leaves

AP Biology. Basic anatomy. Chapter 35. Plant Anatomy. Shoots. Expanded anatomy. Roots. Modified shoots root shoot (stem) leaves Chapter 35. Basic anatomy root shoot (stem) leaves Plant Anatomy Expanded anatomy root root tip root hairs shoot (stem) nodes internodes apical buds axillary buds flowers leaves veins Shoots Shoots consist

More information

Cell Types. Prokaryotes

Cell Types. Prokaryotes Cell Types Prokaryotes before nucleus no membrane-bound nucleus only organelle present is the ribosome all other reactions occur in the cytoplasm not very efficient Ex.: bacteria 1 Cell Types Eukaryotes

More information

The Cell: The smallest unit in living things that shows the characteristics of life; the basic building blocks of life.

The Cell: The smallest unit in living things that shows the characteristics of life; the basic building blocks of life. The Cell: The smallest unit in living things that shows the characteristics of life; the basic building blocks of life. What is a cell s function? Each cell contains information (DNA) that is used as instructions

More information

7.L.1.2 Plant and Animal Cells. Plant and Animal Cells

7.L.1.2 Plant and Animal Cells. Plant and Animal Cells 7.L.1.2 Plant and Animal Cells Plant and Animal Cells Clarifying Objective: 7.L.1.2 Compare the structures and functions of plant and animal cells; include major organelles (cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus,

More information

Today s materials: Cell Structure and Function. 1. Prokaryote and Eukaryote 2. DNA as a blue print of life Prokaryote and Eukaryote. What is a cell?

Today s materials: Cell Structure and Function. 1. Prokaryote and Eukaryote 2. DNA as a blue print of life Prokaryote and Eukaryote. What is a cell? Today s materials: 1. Prokaryote and Eukaryote 2. DNA as a blue print of life Prokaryote and Eukaryote Achadiah Rachmawati What is a cell? Cell Structure and Function All living things are made of cells

More information

Biology: Life on Earth

Biology: Life on Earth Teresa Audesirk Gerald Audesirk Bruce E. Byers Biology: Life on Earth Eighth Edition Lecture for Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Copyright 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4 Outline 4.1 What

More information

23 1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Slide 1 of 34

23 1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Slide 1 of 34 23 1 Specialized Tissues in Plants 1 of 34 Seed Plant Structure The three principal organs of seed plants are roots, stems, and leaves. These organs perform functions such as the transport of nutrients,

More information

Non Permanent Tissues - Meristematic Tissue

Non Permanent Tissues - Meristematic Tissue PLANT TISSUES Non Permanent Tissues - Meristematic Tissue Undifferentiated plant cells that are continually dividing by mitosis Large thin walled cells No vacuole Dense cytoplasm Large nucleus Found at

More information

Plant Structure and Growth

Plant Structure and Growth Plant Structure and Growth A. Flowering Plant Parts: The flowering plants or are the most diverse group of plants. They are divided into 2 classes and. Examples of monocots: Examples of dicots: The morphology

More information

BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES A1 A1. Basic Biological Principles 1. Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms 2. Compare cellular structures and their function

More information

The Vascular Plant Body

The Vascular Plant Body The Vascular Plant Body Like animals, plants are made up of specialized cells that are organized into tissues, which are themselves organized into systems of organs. The various parts of plants are adapted

More information

Overview of Plant Tissues

Overview of Plant Tissues Plant Tissue Growth Key Concepts Overview of Plant Tissues Seed-bearing vascular plants have a shoot system with stems, leaves, and reproductive parts Most also have a root system These systems consist

More information

Class IX: Biology Chapter 5: The fundamental unit of life. Chapter Notes. 1) In 1665, Robert Hooke first discovered and named the cells.

Class IX: Biology Chapter 5: The fundamental unit of life. Chapter Notes. 1) In 1665, Robert Hooke first discovered and named the cells. Class IX: Biology Chapter 5: The fundamental unit of life. Key learnings: Chapter Notes 1) In 1665, Robert Hooke first discovered and named the cells. 2) Cell is the structural and functional unit of all

More information

Biology. Mrs. Michaelsen. Types of cells. Cells & Cell Organelles. Cell size comparison. The Cell. Doing Life s Work. Hooke first viewed cork 1600 s

Biology. Mrs. Michaelsen. Types of cells. Cells & Cell Organelles. Cell size comparison. The Cell. Doing Life s Work. Hooke first viewed cork 1600 s Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life s Work Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell most

More information

7 Characteristics of Life

7 Characteristics of Life 7 Characteristics of Life 1. Interdependence 2. Metabolism 3. Homeostasis 4. Cellular Structure and Function 5. Reproduction 6. Heredity 7. Evolution The Cell Theory All living things are composed of one

More information

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and Function Cell Structure and Function Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live Gas exchange CO 2 & O 2 Eat (take in & digest food) Make energy ATP Build

More information

Basic Structure of a Cell

Basic Structure of a Cell Basic Structure of a Cell Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell 1 2 Number

More information

CELL PART Expanded Definition Cell Structure Illustration Function Summary Location ALL CELLS DNA Common in Animals Uncommon in Plants Lysosome

CELL PART Expanded Definition Cell Structure Illustration Function Summary Location ALL CELLS DNA Common in Animals Uncommon in Plants Lysosome CELL PART Expanded Definition Cell Structure Illustration Function Summary Location is the material that contains the Carry genetic ALL CELLS information that determines material inherited characteristics.

More information

2.5 : Cells are grouped into tissue

2.5 : Cells are grouped into tissue 2.5 : Cells are grouped into tissue 1 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Structures & functions: Cell membrane and organelles Animal Cells are grouped into tissue Plant Cell

More information

Forms strands that conduct water, minerals, and organic compounds. Much of the inside of nonwoody parts of plants. Includes roots, stems, and leaves

Forms strands that conduct water, minerals, and organic compounds. Much of the inside of nonwoody parts of plants. Includes roots, stems, and leaves Biology II Vascular plants have 3 tissue systems: Dermal Protective outer layer of plant Vascular Forms strands that conduct water, minerals, and organic compounds Ground Much of the inside of nonwoody

More information

II. Eukaryotic Cell Structure A. Boundaries 1. plasma membrane a. serves as a boundary b/w the cell and its environment b. controls movement of

II. Eukaryotic Cell Structure A. Boundaries 1. plasma membrane a. serves as a boundary b/w the cell and its environment b. controls movement of I. History of the cell theory A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1600s) - dutch lens maker could see things with his lenses that were invisible to the naked eye - developed the simple microscope B. Robert Hooke

More information

The Cell. What is a cell?

The Cell. What is a cell? The Cell What is a cell? The Cell What is a cell? Structure which makes up living organisms. The Cell Theory l All living things are composed of cells. l Cells are the basic unit of life. l Cells come

More information

Cell Structure: What cells are made of. Can you pick out the cells from this picture?

Cell Structure: What cells are made of. Can you pick out the cells from this picture? Cell Structure: What cells are made of Can you pick out the cells from this picture? Review of the cell theory Microscope was developed 1610. Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw living things in pond water. 1677

More information

Directions for Plant Cell 3-Part Cards

Directions for Plant Cell 3-Part Cards Directions for Plant Cell 3-Part Cards 1. Print out copy of 3 part cards and control cards Laminate for durability. Cut apart description and labels from 3 part cards. 2. As an introductory lesson, students

More information

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure 1 of 49 Comparing the Cell to a Factory Eukaryotic Cell Structures Structures within a eukaryotic cell that perform important cellular functions are known as organelles. Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic

More information

Basic Structure of a Cell

Basic Structure of a Cell Basic Structure of a Cell Prokaryotic Cells No nucleus Archaea & Eubacteria One circular chromosome Extremely small Eukaryotic Cells Has a nucleus!!! Membrane-bound organelles Plants, Animals, Fungi, &

More information

Two major categories. BIOLOGY 189 Fundamentals of Life Sciences. Spring 2004 Plant Structure and Function. Plant Structure and Function

Two major categories. BIOLOGY 189 Fundamentals of Life Sciences. Spring 2004 Plant Structure and Function. Plant Structure and Function BIOLOGY 189 Fundamentals of Life Sciences Spring 2004 Plant Structure and Function 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 Examination #1 Class Average: 33/60 for 55% 4 Chapters 31-32 32 2 0 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

More information

Some history. Now, we know that Robert Hooke was not looking at living cells, but the remains of dead cell walls.

Some history. Now, we know that Robert Hooke was not looking at living cells, but the remains of dead cell walls. The Life of a Cell Some history In 1665, Robert Hooke examined the bark of an oak tree under an early microscope. He thought he was looking at something similar to the small rooms of dormitories and prisons;

More information

2.1 PLANT TISSUE HALIMAHTUN SAEDIAH BT ABU BAKAR KOLEJ TEKNOLOGI TIMUR

2.1 PLANT TISSUE HALIMAHTUN SAEDIAH BT ABU BAKAR KOLEJ TEKNOLOGI TIMUR 2.1 PLANT TISSUE HALIMAHTUN SAEDIAH BT ABU BAKAR KOLEJ TEKNOLOGI TIMUR GENERAL Plant cell are differentiated possessing structural adaptations that make specific functions possible. Modifications of cell

More information

Chapter 4. Table of Contents. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology. Section 2 Introduction to Cells. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features

Chapter 4. Table of Contents. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology. Section 2 Introduction to Cells. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Cell Structure and Function Table of Contents Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Section 2 Introduction to Cells Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Section

More information

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE CELL THEORY TIMELINE

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE CELL THEORY TIMELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1. composed of cells either uni/multi 2. reproduce sexual and/or asexual 3. contain DNA in cells 4. grow and develop 5. use material/energy in metabolic reactions 6. respond to

More information

UNIT 6 - STRUCTURES OF FLOWERING PLANTS & THEIR FUNCTIONS

UNIT 6 - STRUCTURES OF FLOWERING PLANTS & THEIR FUNCTIONS 6.1 Plant Tissues A tissue is a group of cells with common function, structures or both. In plants we can find 2 types of tissues: Meristem Permanent tissues Meristem is found in regions with continuous

More information

The three principal organs of seed plants are roots, stems, and leaves.

The three principal organs of seed plants are roots, stems, and leaves. 23 1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Seed Plant Structure The three principal organs of seed plants are roots, stems, and leaves. 1 of 34 23 1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Seed Plant Structure Roots: absorb

More information

1. Cell Theory Organelle containing the genetic information of the cell.

1. Cell Theory Organelle containing the genetic information of the cell. GLOSSARY MATCHING GAME The words and definitions are all mixed up. Cut out each word and definition and glue the correct matches into your workbook. Word Definition 1. Cell Theory Organelle containing

More information

Unit 3: Cells. Objective: To be able to compare and contrast the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

Unit 3: Cells. Objective: To be able to compare and contrast the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Unit 3: Cells Objective: To be able to compare and contrast the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells (unicellular or multicellular).

More information

REVISION: CELL DIVISION 20 MARCH 2013

REVISION: CELL DIVISION 20 MARCH 2013 REVISION: CELL DIVISION 20 MARCH 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we revise: The Cell Theory and the parts of plant and animal cells The process of mitosis The structure and function of different

More information

Cells and Their Organelles

Cells and Their Organelles Cells and Their Organelles The cell is the basic unit of life. The following is a glossary of animal cell terms. All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing

More information

Cells. A. The iodine diffused into the bag. B. The starch was changed to sugar.

Cells. A. The iodine diffused into the bag. B. The starch was changed to sugar. Name: Date: 1. A student filled a bag of dialysis tubing with a milky-white starch solution and placed the bag in a beaker of iodine-water as shown in the diagram. An hour later, the student observed that

More information

Bio Factsheet. Transport in Plants. Number 342

Bio Factsheet. Transport in Plants.   Number 342 Number 342 Transport in Plants This Factsheet: Explains why plants need a transport system Describes what plants transport Describes the tissues which carry out transport Outlines the position of the xylem

More information

Cell Theory Essential Questions

Cell Theory Essential Questions Cells Vocab words 1. Cell 2. Cell theory 3. Nucleus 4. Eukaryote 5. Prokaryote 6. Organelle 7. Cytoplasm 8. Nuclear envelope 9. Chromatin 10. Chromosome 11. Nucleolus 12. Ribosome 13. Endoplasmic reticulum

More information

Cell Theory. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function for all living things, but no one knew they existed before the 17 th century!

Cell Theory. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function for all living things, but no one knew they existed before the 17 th century! Cell Notes Cell Theory All living organisms are made of. cells The cell is the basic unit of structure and function for all living things, but no one knew they existed before the 17 th century! In 1665,

More information

Discovery of the Cell

Discovery of the Cell Cell Structure Discovery of the Cell Who discovered cells? 1665 Robert Hooke used a compound microscope to examine a piece of cork (20X magnification) He saw little boxes in the cork and called them cells

More information

CONTENTS. Physics Chemistry Motion Work, Energy and Power Gravitation Properties of Fluid 22-23

CONTENTS. Physics Chemistry Motion Work, Energy and Power Gravitation Properties of Fluid 22-23 CONTENTS Physics...5-58 1. Motion 7-13 2. Work, Energy and Power 14-16 3. Gravitation 17-21 4. Properties of Fluid 22-23 5. Heat 24-27 6. Wave 28-30 7. Sound 31-35 8. Light 36-46 9. Electricity and Magnetism

More information

Topic 2: Plant Structure & Growth Ch. 35 Angiosperms are the most complex plants. They are composed of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.

Topic 2: Plant Structure & Growth Ch. 35 Angiosperms are the most complex plants. They are composed of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Topic 2: Plant Structure & Growth Ch. 35 Angiosperms are the most complex plants. They are composed of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Fig. 35.8 Plant Cells pp.798-802 Types of plant cells Include:

More information

8/25/ Opening Questions: Are all living things made of cells? What are at least five things you know about cells?

8/25/ Opening Questions: Are all living things made of cells? What are at least five things you know about cells? Chapter 3 The Cell: Module Hyperlinks 3.1 Cells are the fundamental units of life 3.2 Plant vs. animal cells 3.3 Membranes: structure 3.4 Membranes: function 3.5 The nucleus 3.6 Organelles in protein production

More information

CELL TYPE. Unit #4: Cell Structure & Func2on. Classifica(on, Endosymbiosis, Cell Type, Cell Organelles

CELL TYPE. Unit #4: Cell Structure & Func2on. Classifica(on, Endosymbiosis, Cell Type, Cell Organelles Unit #4: Cell Structure & Func2on Classifica(on, Endosymbiosis, Cell Type, Cell Organelles How are prokaryo(c cells and eukaryo(c cells similar? different? CELL TYPE Cell Theory Many scientists were involved

More information

Chapter 7.2. Cell Structure

Chapter 7.2. Cell Structure Chapter 7.2 Cell Structure Daily Objectives Describe the structure and function of the cell nucleus. Describe the function and structure of membrane bound organelles found within the cell. Describe the

More information

Cell Structure. Chapter 4

Cell Structure. Chapter 4 Cell Structure Chapter 4 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias Schleiden (1838) - Theodor Schwann (1839) Schleiden and Schwann proposed

More information

Function and Illustration. Nucleus. Nucleolus. Cell membrane. Cell wall. Capsule. Mitochondrion

Function and Illustration. Nucleus. Nucleolus. Cell membrane. Cell wall. Capsule. Mitochondrion Intro to Organelles Name: Block: Organelles are small structures inside cells. They are often covered in membranes. Each organelle has a job to do in the cell. Their name means little organ. Just like

More information

BIOLOGY Cell Review Notes (source: SW Biology 11)

BIOLOGY Cell Review Notes (source: SW Biology 11) BIOLOGY Cell Review Notes (source: SW Biology 11) CELL STRUCTURE, FUNCTION & PROCESS Both living and nonliving things are composed of molecules made from chemical elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,

More information

Overview of Cells. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The Cell Organelles The Endosymbiotic Theory

Overview of Cells. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The Cell Organelles The Endosymbiotic Theory Overview of Cells Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The Cell Organelles The Endosymbiotic Theory Prokaryotic Cells Archaea Bacteria Come in many different shapes and sizes.5 µm 2 µm, up to 60 µm long Have large

More information

The diagram below represents levels of organization within a cell of a multicellular organism.

The diagram below represents levels of organization within a cell of a multicellular organism. STATION 1 1. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to a. assemble into multicellular organisms b. establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms c. obtain energy from the

More information

and their organelles

and their organelles and their organelles Discovery Video: Cells REVIEW!!!! The Cell Theory 1. Every living organism is made of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. It is the smallest

More information

The Discovery of Cells

The Discovery of Cells The Discovery of Cells Microscope observations! General Cell & Organelle Discovery 1600s Observations made by scientists using more powerful microscopes in the 1800s led to the formation of the cell theory.

More information

Organelles & Cells Student Edition. A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole

Organelles & Cells Student Edition. A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole Name: Date: 1. Which structure is outside the nucleus of a cell and contains DNA? A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole 2. A potato core was placed in a beaker of water as shown in the figure

More information

NOTES: CH 35 - Plant Structure & Growth

NOTES: CH 35 - Plant Structure & Growth NOTES: CH 35 - Plant Structure & Growth In their evolutionary journey, plants adapted to the problems of a terrestrial existence as they moved from water to land ANGIOSPERMS (flowering plants) -most diverse

More information

Introduction to Botany. Lecture 10

Introduction to Botany. Lecture 10 Introduction to Botany. Lecture 10 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University September 21, 2015 Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 10 September 21, 2015 1 / 33 Outline 1 Questions and answers

More information

CELLS. Structure and Function

CELLS. Structure and Function CELLS Structure and Function Cell Structure All plant and animal tissue consist of cells. Cells are microscopic in size. In general, each cell performs all the characteristics of life and, though in reality

More information

THE CELL THEORY (R+R+R+E+G+N+T+S) 3).

THE CELL THEORY (R+R+R+E+G+N+T+S) 3). CELL BIOLOGY All living things are made up of small individual units called cells. Cells are the smallest functioning living unit. Cells can not normally be seen with the naked eye. To usually observe

More information

Cell Is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life and are often called

Cell Is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life and are often called The Cell Cell Is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life and are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of

More information

Name: Date: Hour:

Name: Date: Hour: Name: Date: Hour: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Comprehension Questions 1. At what level of organization does life begin? 2. What surrounds all cells? 3. What is meant by semipermeable? 4. What 2 things make up the cell

More information

Components of a functional cell. Boundary-membrane Cytoplasm: Cytosol (soluble components) & particulates DNA-information Ribosomes-protein synthesis

Components of a functional cell. Boundary-membrane Cytoplasm: Cytosol (soluble components) & particulates DNA-information Ribosomes-protein synthesis Cell (Outline) - Components of a functional cell - Major Events in the History of Earth: abiotic and biotic phases; anaerobic and aerobic atmosphere - Prokaryotic cells impact on the biosphere - Origin

More information

Chapter: Life's Structure and Classification

Chapter: Life's Structure and Classification Table of Contents Chapter: Life's Structure and Classification Section 1: Living Things 1- What is an organism? Any living thing is called an organism. Organisms vary in size: 1)one-celled or unicellular

More information

Chapter 7. Cell Structure & Function

Chapter 7. Cell Structure & Function Chapter 7 Cell Structure & Function Scientists & Discoveries Early 1600 s (Holland): 1st microscope was constructed Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1600 s) used single lens as a microscope to study and very carefully

More information

Cell Theory and Structure. Discoveries What are Cells? Cell Theory Cell Structures Organelles

Cell Theory and Structure. Discoveries What are Cells? Cell Theory Cell Structures Organelles Cell Theory and Structure Discoveries What are Cells? Cell Theory Cell Structures Organelles Discoveries In 1665 Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of cork from an oak tree What he saw reminded him of

More information

Eukaryotic Cell Structure. 7.2 Biology Mr. Hines

Eukaryotic Cell Structure. 7.2 Biology Mr. Hines Eukaryotic Cell Structure 7.2 Biology Mr. Hines Comparing the cell to a factory In order for a cell to maintain its internal environment (homeostasis), many things must go on. This is similar to a factory.

More information

Cells & Cell Organelles. Doing Life s Work

Cells & Cell Organelles. Doing Life s Work Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life s Work Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote Eukaryotes animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell most bacteria 1-10 microns eukaryotic

More information

What in the Cell is Going On?

What in the Cell is Going On? What in the Cell is Going On? Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect... (July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703) In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings

More information

Cells Cytology = the study of cells. Nonliving Levels. Organization Levels of Life. Living Levels 11/14/13. More Living Levels

Cells Cytology = the study of cells. Nonliving Levels. Organization Levels of Life. Living Levels 11/14/13. More Living Levels Cells Cytology = the study of cells What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms? 1. Made of CELLS 2. Require ENERGY (food) 3. REPRODUCE (species) 4. Maintain HOMEOSTASIS 5. ORGANIZED 6. RESPOND to environment

More information

History of Cell Theory. Organization of Life

History of Cell Theory. Organization of Life History of Cell Theory Robert Hooke first observed cells while examining cork under the microscope (mid- 1600 s) Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed microscopic organisms in pond water, as well as blood

More information

I m knocking on this cell wall to see what s inside. He doesn t look happy with me.

I m knocking on this cell wall to see what s inside. He doesn t look happy with me. 1 2 Flowers, like Roses, brighten up many gardens with green leaves and colorful blossoms. How do Roses carry out all the functions necessary to stay alive? To answer this question, you must look inside

More information

Cells. Modified by the MHJHS SD. [Adopted from James Holden & Clint Tucker]

Cells. Modified by the MHJHS SD. [Adopted from James Holden & Clint Tucker] Cells Modified by the MHJHS SD [Adopted from James Holden & Clint Tucker] The Cell Theory In 1855, a number of scientists put together a theory about cells 1) All living things are composed of Cells. 2)

More information

Plants. Plant Form and Function. Tissue Systems 6/4/2012. Chapter 17. Herbaceous (nonwoody) Woody. Flowering plants can be divided into two groups:

Plants. Plant Form and Function. Tissue Systems 6/4/2012. Chapter 17. Herbaceous (nonwoody) Woody. Flowering plants can be divided into two groups: Monocots Dicots 6/4/2012 Plants Plant Form and Function Chapter 17 Herbaceous (nonwoody) In temperate climates, aerial parts die back Woody In temperate climates, aerial parts persist The Plant Body Functions

More information

Cells: The Working Units of Life

Cells: The Working Units of Life 4 Cells: The Working Units of Life Chapter 4 Cells: The Working Units of Life Key Concepts 4.1 Cells Provide Compartments for Biochemical Reactions 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells Do Not Have a Nucleus 4.3 Eukaryotic

More information

Essen%al knowledge standards

Essen%al knowledge standards Essen%al knowledge standards 2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes 2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their

More information

Introduction. Most land animals, including humans, depend on plants directly or indirectly for sustenance.

Introduction. Most land animals, including humans, depend on plants directly or indirectly for sustenance. Introduction With about 250,000 known species, the angiosperms are by far the most diverse and widespread group of land plants. As primary producers, flowering plants are at the base of the food web of

More information

Cells and Their Organelles

Cells and Their Organelles Mr. Ulrich Regents Biology Name:.. Cells and Their Organelles The cell is the basic unit of life. The following is a glossary of animal cell terms. All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane. The cell

More information

http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html 4A: Students will compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Robert Hooke (1665) Used a compound microscope to look at thin slices of cork (oak

More information

From smallest to largest plants

From smallest to largest plants Plant anatomy From smallest to largest plants What is plant anatomy? ANATOMY: study of the structure of organisms looking at cells, tissues How can water move from the ground all the way to the top of

More information

2/25/2013. o Plants take up water and minerals from below ground o Plants take up CO2 and light from above ground THREE BASIC PLANT ORGANS ROOTS

2/25/2013. o Plants take up water and minerals from below ground o Plants take up CO2 and light from above ground THREE BASIC PLANT ORGANS ROOTS o Plants take up water and minerals from below ground o Plants take up CO2 and light from above ground THREE BASIC PLANT ORGANS o Roots o Stems o Leaves ROOTS o Anchor plant o Absorb water and minerals

More information

02/02/ Living things are organized. Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures. Learning Outcome B1

02/02/ Living things are organized. Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures. Learning Outcome B1 Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures Learning Outcome B1 Describe the following cell structures and their functions: Cell membrane Cell wall Chloroplast Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm Golgi

More information

Biology. 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure 10/29/2013. Eukaryotic Cell Structures

Biology. 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure 10/29/2013. Eukaryotic Cell Structures Biology Biology 1of 49 2of 49 Eukaryotic Cell Structures Eukaryotic Cell Structures Structures within a eukaryotic cell that perform important cellular functions are known as organelles. Cell biologists

More information

Chapter C3: Multicellular Organisms Plants

Chapter C3: Multicellular Organisms Plants Chapter C3: Multicellular Organisms Plants Multicellular Organisms Multicellular organisms have specialized cells of many different types that allow them to grow to a larger size than single-celled organisms.

More information

10/1/2014. Chapter Explain why the cell is considered to be the basic unit of life.

10/1/2014. Chapter Explain why the cell is considered to be the basic unit of life. Chapter 4 PSAT $ by October by October 11 Test 3- Tuesday October 14 over Chapter 4 and 5 DFA- Monday October 20 over everything covered so far (Chapters 1-5) Review on Thursday and Friday before 1. Explain

More information

NAME: PERIOD: DATE: A View of the Cell. Use Chapter 8 of your book to complete the chart of eukaryotic cell components.

NAME: PERIOD: DATE: A View of the Cell. Use Chapter 8 of your book to complete the chart of eukaryotic cell components. NAME: PERIOD: DATE: A View of the Cell Use Chapter 8 of your book to complete the chart of eukaryotic cell components. Cell Part Cell Wall Centriole Chloroplast Cilia Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic

More information

Chapter 35~ Plant Structure and Growth

Chapter 35~ Plant Structure and Growth Chapter 35~ Plant Structure and Growth Plant Organization Plant morphology is based on plant s evolutionary history Need to draw in nutrients from the ground and the air Plant Organs Root system = roots

More information

prokaryotic eukaryotic

prokaryotic eukaryotic Cell Basics Two Basic Cell Types All cells are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic Prokaryotic Cells a.k.a. Bacteria Prokaryotes, which includes all bacteria. They are the simplest cellular organisms. They

More information

Cell Structure. Chapter 4. Cell Theory. Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke.

Cell Structure. Chapter 4. Cell Theory. Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke. Cell Structure Chapter 4 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias Schleiden (1838) - Theodor Schwann (1839) Schleiden and Schwann proposed

More information

Discovery of the Cell

Discovery of the Cell Cells Chapter 4 Discovery of the Cell 1665 Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a piece of cork. He saw little boxes in the cork and called them cells. 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person

More information

Anatomy of Plants Student Notes

Anatomy of Plants Student Notes Directions: Fill in the blanks. Anatomy of Plants Student Notes Plant Cell Biology Segment 1. Plants Plants are organisms are incapable of movement produce food through 2. Animals Animals are multicellular

More information