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1 Chapter 1 : List of State Fossils - blog.quintoapp.com An index of fossil names between and Diatoms, spores, and pollen are excluded from this index. The Origin of Species Updated. The Story of the Apple. Ferns, Cycads, or What? Burial of Trees by Eruptions of Mount St. Implications for the Interpretation of Fossil Forests. Geological Magazine, vol, no. The Origin and Evolution of Mammals. Secrets of Petrified Plants: Fascination from Millions of Years pp. A Critical History with a Selection of Texts. The Case Agaist Creationism. Evolution, Design, and the Future of Faith. Life on a Young Planet: Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, and Zumberge. Het Late Krijt van Aken en omgeving: Deel 1-Verkiezeld hout, dennenappels en Meer. Natuurhistorisch Maandblad 99 8: USGS Monograph 32, pp. The Origin and Evolution of the Diatoms: Their Adaptation to a Planktonic Existence. The malleus maleficarum Montague Summers, trans. Original work published Kuban G. This web version includes additional illustrations and references. Analysis of petrified wood by electron, X-ray and optical microprobes. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, vol 14, pp. Human evolution writ small. Why Darwin was wrong about the tree of life. New Scientist, January,, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, vol. Fossil leaf and pollen floras of Colorado compared: Proceedings of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, series 4, number 1. University of New Mexico Press. The Earth Through Time [6th Ed. Harcourt Brace College Publishers. The New Molecular View. A new talpid from the late Eocene of North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53 3: A Guide to the Fossil Footprints of the World. University of Colorado at Denver: Fossil Plants of the Florissant Beds, Colorado. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication Update on the megafossil flora of Florissant, Colorado. Biology of Sharks and Rays: Fossil insects in rocks. Geological Survey Professional Paper 98M: An Introduction to Plant Biology [5th Ed. Popular Science, Oct, pp. In Celebration of Preservation. University of California Press. Annals of the Former World. The limits of science. A Review of the paleoelevation estimates for the Florissant flora, Colorado. The Fossils of Florissant. Field guide to the paleontology and volcanic setting of Florissant fossil beds, Colorado pp. Geological Society of America Field Guide 5. Geologic Society of America Special Paper Development of an integrated paleontological database and Web site of Florissant collections, taxonomy, and publications. Geological Society of America Special Paper Secrets of a Frozen Mammoth. National Geographic, May, vol. Apology for Raimond Sebond. The complete essays of Montaigne, Vol. Using pre-quaternary Diptera as indicators of paleoclimate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia. Microscopy of Silicified Wood. Microscopy Today, vol 11, no 6, pp. Mustoe, Written Communication, March Evidence of Multiple Silicification Pathways. A New View of Permineralization and Replacement. Mineralogy of Non-Silicified Wood. Near Earth Object Program. Page 1

2 Chapter 2 : Full text of "Index of Generic Names of Fossil Plants, " The site is secure. The ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. Name[ edit ] The term comes from the Latin genus "origin, type, group, race", [4] a noun form cognate with gignere "to bear; to give birth to". Linnaeus popularized its use in his Species Plantarum, but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort â is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". It plays a pivotal role in binomial nomenclature, the system of naming organisms. Use in nomenclature[ edit ] Main articles: Binomial nomenclature, Taxonomy biology, Author citation zoology, and Author citation botany The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the Nomenclature Codes, giving each species a single unique name which is Latin in form and, by contrast with a common name, is language-independent. Except for viruses, the standard format for a species name comprises a generic name which indicates the genus to which the species belongs followed by a specific epithet. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany. When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example C. Where species are further subdivided, the generic name or its abbreviated form still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example Canis lupus familiaris for the domestic dog when considered a subspecies of the gray wolf in zoology, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Also, as visible in the above examples, the latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species and infraspecies, where applicable are, by convention, written in italics. The scientific names of species viruses are not binomial in form, but are descriptive, and may or may not incorporate a reference to their containing genus. For example both the Everglades virus and the Ross River virus are ascribed to the virus genus Alphavirus, while the virus genus Salmonivirus contains species with the names "Salmonid herpesvirus 1", "Salmonid herpesvirus 2" and "Salmonid herpesvirus 3". As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in the form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as "Canis Linnaeus, " zoological usage, while Hibiscus, also first established by Linnaeus but in, is simply "Hibiscus L. The type concept[ edit ] See also: Type genus, Type species, and Type specimen Each genus should have a designated type, although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this is the type species and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. Categories of generic name[ edit ] In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as " available " or "unavailable". It therefore follows that there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time, which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. Prokaryote and virus Codes of Nomenclature also exist which serve as a reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for a long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus,, [7] and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O. However, many names have been assigned usually unintentionally to two or more different genera. For example, the platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw Page 2

3 named it Platypus in these two names are thus synonyms. However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in A name that means two different things is a homonym. Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia, the name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name or the name of a taxon in another rank in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. The name of the genus Paramecia an extinct red alga is also the plural of the name of the genus Paramecium which is in the SAR supergroup, which can also lead to confusion. A list of generic homonyms with their authorities, including both available validly published and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera IRMNG. However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: Numbers of accepted genera[ edit ] The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely although the latter value has been estimated by Rees et al. These "accepted" genus names are divided into, currently listed as non-fossil either extant, or presumed extant i. Included in the value of, extant, notionally accepted genus names in the March edition of IRMNG are, genera of animals kingdom Animalia, 28, Plantae land plants and non-chromistan algae, 10, Fungi, 7, Chromista, 2, Protozoa, 2, Prokaryotes 2, Bacteria plus Archaea and Viruses, although totals for the two latter groups will be incomplete for the period current on account of the absence of more recent IRMNG updates for those groups in particular [10] ; as at March, King et al. For prokaryotes, see note. Genus size[ edit ] Number of reptile genera with a given number of species. Most genera have only one or a few species but a few may have hundreds. Based on data from the Reptile Database as of May The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus, contains over 3, species. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar" there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists whether large, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. Page 3

4 Chapter 3 : Genus - Wikipedia Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. Generic names were revised and processed as for their validity in accord with the modern revised versions of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants formerly International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Generic names of extant organisms were uploaded into IFPNI when their extinct members were assigned taxonomically to extant taxa; IFPNI currently does not incorporate fossil record data for the living organisms. Fossil Infrageneric Names There is no separate available compilation of infrageneric names of fossil plant organisms; these names were and are used intermittently in the developing taxonomic classifications of fossils. Their input is expected to be done bit by bit when they would be recovered from the available taxonomic literature. Fossil Spore and Pollen Names The fossil spore and pollen taxonomic names are registered including not validly published sporomorph names and distinct Group Turma names of the artificial system of classification of spores and pollens. IFPNI continued registration of fossil fungal sporomorphs, which were earlier interpreted as spores of non-fungal fossil plant groups. Fossil Fungal Names The fossil fungal taxonomic names, published between XIX centuryâ, are continued to be added after verification against original taxonomic literature and new provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants formerly International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Fossil Cyanobacteria and Prokaryotic Names Registration of fossil cyanobacteria and related prokaryotic microorganisms is continued along with registration of fossil algae and related protist-like forms; however, it is planned in further to segregate all names of prokaryotic microorganisms into a separate International Index of Fossil Prokaryotes. At present time the revised version of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes formerly International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria does not contain nomenclatural regulations for the fossil prokaryotic taxa. Special groups of fossil algae, which are considered simultaneously as fossil protists and therefore sometimes referred to the Animal Kingdom Chloromonada, Chrysomonada, Dinoflagellatae, Euglenomonada, Haptomonada, Prasinomonada, etc. Type Specimens IFPNI provides registration of lectotypes, neotypes, epitypes and other permissible typification for the fossil plant taxa. IFPNI provides comfortable platform and tools for uploading of photos and inventory numbers of the types specimens which currently housed in Museums and Palaeontological Collections worldwide. Taxonomic Literature Palaeobotany Formation of the comprehensive Taxonomic Literature Palaeobotany as a result of registration of the scientific publications containing nomenclatural acts and scientific names is based on the format used in Taxonomic Literature II http: IFPNI Staff continued bibliographic searches for missing precise publication dates of taxonomic literature as well as registration of newly published taxonomic publications beyond the coverage of TL-2 â For the purposes of data standardization, IFPNI accepts only original titles in the native language, not their Latin, Cyrillic or other counterparts or parallel titles. When the alphabet of the language was changed for example, Azerbaijani alphabet is currently based on Latin, although being originally based on Cyrillic in taxonomic publications, both versions of spelling are registered, but IFPNI accepts the only modern form of the alphabet Latin in case of Azerbaijani. Transliteration of books and serials in Cyrillic and Eastern languages is done in accord with ISO standards. Publishers and Authors are welcome to coordinate their publishing activity with pre-publication registration of the scientific names, taxonomic works and authors along with interim verification of the proposed new names as for putative homonymy or isonymy, and fulfillment the requirements of acting versions of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants formerly International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Geography The names of counties or their equivalents have been standardized using the Times Page 4

5 Atlas of the World 12th ed. Place names have been converted to their modern country equivalents, but the original name is retained in a comment field. Palaeogeography Names of palaeocontinents, terranes, tectonic plates, palaeo oceans and seas, mountain systems, palaeogeographic provinces are extracted from the available geological literature. Palaeogeographic names are used in IFPNI as well as modern geographical names in the correct describing of the distribution of fossil plant taxa in the geological history. A revised Synopsis of Palaeogeographic Names in Palaeobotany is planned to be produced in as a separate publication and special tool for advanced searches of the taxonomic database and palaeogeographical distribution of extinct plant taxa. Standardization of palaeogeographical names would be a separate subproject of the IFPNI â to allow further mapping of the taxonomic record on the available reconstructed palaeomaps and palaeoatlases; this work is being done in collaboration with the wide geological community. Stratigraphy Names of the global stratigraphic units systems, series and stages of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart and the subordinate units periods, epochs, and age of the International Geologic Time Scale are used when accepted by the International Commission on Stratigraphy ICS http: When different names of stratigraphic units were used in the protologues of described plant fossils in the past, these are to be changed for the use in IFPNI in accord with modern International Geologic Time Scale http: Regional and outdated old stratigraphic units are mostly rejected or mentioned in a comment field when their precise age is still unknown or doubtful. We invite you to support IFPNI, but also to question our practices if you believe that we could be doing better for the scientific community. Page 5

6 Chapter 4 : Fossil Plants From the Union Chapel Mine, Alabama Brian Axsmith - blog.quintoapp.com Supplements Index of generic names offossil plants,, by H. N. Andrews and Index of generic names of fossil plants,, by A.M. Blazer. Supt. of Docs. Please send us your contributions for the next edition of our newsletter March by February 29th, Hemsley IOP 4 December the 25th International Workshop on Plant these fossil scientific names and bank of Taphonomy which will be hosted by author names in palaeobotany. In modern the Steinmann Institute, University of Bonn, plant science there was no previously Germany. IFPNI was constructed as a platform to provide an authoritative online, open-access, and community-generated registry of fossil plant nomenclature as a service to the very global scientific community. Dynamic data base aims to document all nomenclatural novelties new scientific names of extinct Participants of the 24th International W orkshop on organisms and associated data, including Plant Taphonomy, November 26-27,, registry of the scientific publications Stuttgart, Germany taxonomic literature containing nomenclatural acts and authors in palaeobotany and palaeontology in general, Submitted by Anita Roth-Nebelsick and allied geological disciplines. We protists and fossil microproblematica expected faster growth of the data base, but so-called ambiregnal organisms published the result as such is still modest. The in using binary nomenclature. The goal of inhibitory obstacles were: Alfred was born on worldwide with no restrictions in access. His family moved to Index http: He got his public extant taxa of vascular plants at present, education in St. Joseph, Michigan, where he IFPNI was constructed in a similar manner graduated from high school as valedictorian to Zoobank database http: IFPNI currently does not incorporate fossil record data; it is an aim of the future development. In addition to mentioned indices, IFPNI first provides comfortable platform and tools for uploading of original photos and inventory numbers of the type specimens which currently housed in Museums and Palaeontological Collections worldwide, to aggregate a valuable specimen documentation. The full text of this report is included as Appendix A at the end of this mailing. The goal of the IFPNI was also to compile and maintain a comprehensive literature based record of these fossil scientific names and bank of author names in palaeobotany. In modern plant science there was no previously comprehensive united index of recorded fossil forms of algae, cyanobacteria and related prokaryotic microorganisms interpreted in the past as algae, fungi and plants, which were all described since early XIX century up to our days. IFPNI was constructed as a platform to provide an authoritative online, open- access, and community-generated registry of fossil plant nomenclature as a service to the very global scientific community. Dynamic data base aims to document all nomenclatural novelties new scientific names of extinct organisms and associated data, including registry of the scientific publications taxonomic literature containing nomenclatural acts and authors in palaeobotany and palaeontology in general, and allied geological disciplines. The idea was to settle a working group of systematists to process retro data from old palaeobotanical literature and to invite also actively working palaeobotanists to become sole contributors and invited specialized editors in contributing new nomenclatural and bibliographic data by means of their on- line registration. As a result for one year of active work, at present we have registered names from publications from journals and books authored by authors [statistics on 09 Dec ]. The data base is not yet complete, and more work should be done on some remained to verified and analyzed uploaded data. We expected faster growth of the data base, but the result as such is still modest. The inhibitory obstacles were: In contrast to the International Plant Names Index http: When the alphabet of the language was changed for example, Azerbaijani alphabet is currently based on Latin, although being originally based on Cyrillic in taxonomic publications, both versions of the spelling were registered, but in database IFPNI accepts only modern form of alphabet Latin in case of Azerbaijani. We provide also registration of surname change of female palaeobotanists. Retroactive scanning of the principal botanical and geological journals and serials, once registered in IFPNI, as for new fossil plant names and nomenclatural acts, is doing regularly by the IFPNI Staff on the base and facilities of the Fundamental Botanical Library of the National Page 6

7 Institute of Carpology Gaertnerian Institution, Moscow, and either uploaded into Google Books for further reading or to independent platform https: IFPNI Staff continued bibliographic searches for missing in TL-2 precise publication dates of taxonomic literature as well as registration of newly published taxonomic publications beyond the coverage of TL-2 For the purposes of data standardization, IFPNI accepts only original titles in native language, not their Latin, Cyrillic or other counterparts or parallel titles. Transliteration of books and serials in Cyrillic and Eastern languages is done in accord with the International Organization for Standardization ISO special standards. Place names have been converted to their modern country equivalents, but the original name is retained in a comment field [example: Names of palaeocontinents, geological terranes, tectonic plates, palaeo oceans and seas, mountain systems, palaeogeographic provinces were extracted from the available geological literature. Palaeogeographic names are used in IFPNI as well as modern geographical names in the correct describing of the distribution of fossil plant taxa in the geological history. A revised Synopsis of Palaeogeographic Names in Palaeobotany is planned to be produced in as a separate publication and special tool for advanced searches of the taxonomic database and palaeogeographical distribution of extinct plant taxa. Standardization of palaeogeographical names would be a separate subproject of the IFPNI to be planned in to allow further mapping of the taxonomic record on the available reconstructed palaeomaps and palaeoatlases; this work is being done in collaboration with wide geological community of The International Union of Geological Sciences IUGS. When different names of stratigraphic units were used in the protologues of fossils in the past, these are to be changed for the use in IFPNI in accord with modern International Geologic Time Scale http: Regional and outdated old stratigraphic units are mostly rejected or mentioned in a comment field when their precise age is still unknown or doubtful. Blazer,, Index of generic names of fossil plants, A. Watt,, and Index of generic names of fossil plants, J. Generic entries were revised and processed as for their validity in accord with the modern revised versions of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants formerly International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature when applied. The final upload and nomenclatural processing of old generic names published prior is expected by June, Generic names of extant organisms were uploaded into IFPNI when their extinct species were assigned taxonomically to extant genera. Infrageneric names were and are used intermittently in the developing taxonomic classifications of fossils; their input is expected to be done bit by bit when they would be recovered from the available taxonomic literature. Species and Infraspecies Names. Once generic names, both fossil and extant, were uploaded and registered into IFPNI, the retro registration of fossil plant species was started. For example, Ginkgoites patagonicus E. IFPNI also registered invalidly published names when author failed to designate holotype, provide illustration, or indicate repository for holotype, etc. For example, Dorofeev failed to designate holotype for proposed Magnolia uralensis Dorof. Doweld in Phytotaxa This new tool provides unique cross-reference to fossil plant species in further searches through publications in web. Fossil Spore and Pollen Names. IFPNI will continue registration of fossil fungal sporomorphs, once described and earlier interpreted as spores of plants. Fossil Cyanobacteria and allied Prokaryotic Names. At present time the revised version of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes formerly International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria does not contain nomenclatural regulations for the fossil prokaryotic taxa. Special groups of fossil algae, which are considered simultaneously as fossil protists and therefore sometimes referred to animal kingdom Chloromonada, Chrysomonada, Dinoflagellatae, Euglenomonada, Haptomonada, Prasinomonada, etc. Establishing IFPNI as a register of fossil plant names will largely provide an opportunity to introduce unprecedented stability into botanical nomenclature. Not only will taxonomic data be freely available, but also an alerting-service targeting taxa of interest to particular user groups will be provided. Completeness of the fossil plant species register will be achieved by having registration of new names as a possible ICN requirement for availability to be discussed and worked out at the Special Committee on Registration of Plant and Algal Names established by last Melbourne International Botanical Congress, along with retrospective registration of existing names. With Code- compliance built into the registration process, we will avoid creation of homonyms, nomenclaturally Page 7

8 superfluous names, invalid names or names with incorrect orthography. IFPNI will enable the tracking of names and hence facilitate the correction of many problems prior to publication and name availability. The IFPNI interface will provide automatic checking for Code- compliance, and thus prevent new homonymy, stabilize spellings, fix genders and stems, and provide stability in gender agreement. A possible additional benefit of IFPNI would be universal availability of new original descriptions and partially original descriptions from retro literature. Comments field is provided for the possibility to upload newest and revised descriptions and diagnoses of registered fossil taxa. Making the inclusion of original descriptions mandatory would be very difficult to achieve, partly for reasons of current copyright laws. As a result, a comprehensive photo bank of principal specimens serving types of fossil species might be in further constructed. The standardization of input data on palaeogeography and further implementation of geographical map tools will provide the possibility to get a list of taxa for palaeofloristic analysis for specified period of time and locality. Tools on the site also let users generate palaeomaps, data summary tables, lists of taxa, first appearances, time scale confidence intervals, stratigraphic confidence intervals, synonymy lists for taxa, and finally the IFPNI will provide comprehensive Fossil Record for registered taxa. The building of such a comprehensive Index is achieved to the next International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in, which will solve the problems of registration of new names as a possible ICN requirement for availability, and hence a data base of previously validly and invalidly published taxa retro registration should be done with a maximum. Chapter 5 : Specimen Ridge Virtual Hike Enter your mobile number or address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Chapter 6 : Index of Generic Names of Fossil Plants, - Digital Library Search the history of over billion web pages on the Internet. Page 8