Top predators and edna Some ecological applications
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1 Top predators and edna Some ecological applications Karl Lundström Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Aquatic Resources edna in environmental monitoring FOMA seminar at SLU Aqua Dec
2 Diet Some ecological applications Ecosystem dynamics, predator preyinteractions Quantification of food demand Exceptional species Invasive Threatened Presence Detection of top predators Additional thoughts Prey sub populations Host parasite interactions Genetic identification of individuals
3 Seals in Swedish waters Number of counted seals
4 Seals cause damage to fishing gear and catches Photo: S.G. Lunneryd
5 But What is the significance of seals in the food web? What is the impact of seals on fish stocks? How are seals affected by environmental changes? What do they eat? Hansson et al Ambio: 36:
6 Diet analysis of aquatic top predators Prey remains from digestive tracts Visible prey remains DNA Further dietary information Fatty acids Stable isotopes Long term dietary patterns
7 DNA analysis of aquatic top predator diet Advantages Accurate identification Fast Morphological identification (taxonomic expertise) not needed Continual development Limitations No information about prey size Unclear quantification of weight proportions ( roughly proportional ) Contamination risk No detection of cannibalistic feeding (?) Advantages Prey size Simple Traditional analysis Limitations Time consuming Subjective Erosion and retention of hard parts Dependent on morphological identification
8 DNA analysis of seal diet Digestive tract contents Stomachs Intestines Faecal scats Studies in the Baltic Sea University of Oulu, Swedish Museum of Natural History Faecal scats (n=93, Florin et al. 2013) Digestive tracts (n=31, Strömberg et al. 2013) Digestive tracts (n=160, ongoing evaluation) Photo: E. Isakson
9 DNA analysis of seal diet Methodology Hard parts DNA samples Photos: A. Strömberg
10 DNA analysis of seal diet Methodology 1. DNA extraction from digestive tract contents 2. PCR amplification 16S rdna genetic marker 3. Sequencing 4. Prey identification Matching with DNA sequence databases 5. Quantitative assessment of species sequences
11 DNA analysis of seal diet Results DNA vs. hard parts from grey seal digestive tracts n=155 DNA Hard parts No of seals with identifiable prey DNA Hard parts No of species found unknown
12 DNA analysis of seal diet Results DNA vs. hard parts from grey seal digestive tracts Occurrence (%) Prey Hard parts DNA Prey Hard parts DNA Herring 46% 62% Flounder 3% 5% Perch 23% 28% Eel 2% 4% Cyprinids 21% 32% Whitefish+vendace 9% 17% Eelpout 17% 25% Salmon+trout 2% 5% Smelt 12% 14% Stickleback 1% 8% Sprat 8% 24% Pike 1% 1% Pike perch 5% 17% Gobiidae 10% 7% Cod 4% 8% Ammodytidae 3% 3%
13 DNA analysis of seal diet Results DNA vs. hard parts from grey seal digestive tracts n=155 Herring Perch Eelpout Smelt Whitefish Sprat Pike perch Cod Flounder Eel Stickleback Pike Salmon Trout Cyprindae Percidae Whitefish+vendace Salmon+trout 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 Proportion Weight proportion DNA proportion Secondary consumption?
14 Marine protected areas No take zones Occasional seal visits are suspected Grey seal edna Photo: Å. Thudén Water samples 10x50 ml Positive control samples Skansen Zoo
15 Whom to blame? Photo: Å. Thudén The Telegraph Nov van Bleijswijk et al (MEPS), Leopold et al (Proc. Roy. Soc. B)
16 Ongoing DNA projects Analysis of seal diet Grey seals in the Baltic Sea Harbour seals in the Skagerrak Prey DNA in digestive tract contents Faecal scats Hunted (and bycaught) animals Large material available! Analysis of cormorant diet Baltic Sea Prey DNA in digestive tract contents Hunted birds Photo: M. Boström
17 Some additional thoughts
18 Prey sub populations Predation on local fish populations? Dietary resolution e.g. can seal predation on local cod stocks be detected? AnimalBase team
19 Host parasite interactions Occurrence of seal worm/cod worm Monitoring of parasite DNA in prey species and seal digestive tracts Relationship between parasites and diet e.g. trematode liver infections in Baltic grey seals
20 Genetic identification of individuals Faecal scats From which species do we collect? e.g. harbour seals vs. grey seals From how many individuals do we collect? Population dynamics? Population size? Photo: G. Britse
21 Conclusion DNA barcoding is well suited for dietary monitoring Used in combination with other dietary methods Best practice? Sampling (in the field) Preservation of samples Sub sampling (to the lab) Standard protocols Combination of disciplines Ecology Technique (the lab) Bioinformatics Statistics All involved at an early stage of the project
22 Acknowledgements SLU DNA barcoding FOMA network Swedish Museum of Natural History Centre for genetic identification Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute County Administrative Boards Gotland Stockholm Gävleborg Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
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