Biology 7 Study Guide Exam #3

Transcription

1 Biology 7 Study Guide Exam #3 This is a list of general topics you should be prepared to answer questions on for each chapter. This guide is NOT what you should study but rather is a guide to help organize your studying of the material listed. Your actual studying should involve the Powerpoint slides, your notes and textbook. Keep in mind that you will not be tested on material in the book that was not covered in class, and you should know the new terminology for each chapter (see terms in bold type). Chapter 45 (Hormones & the Endocrine System) the various types of signaling and the role of receptors o endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, synaptic, neuroendocrine signaling o difference between peptide, steroid and amine signaling molecules o differences between water-soluble, insoluble hormones concepts of signal transduction, negative and positive feedback simple endocrine pathways vs endocrine cascades tropic vs nontropic hormones the roles of the following endocrine glands and the indicated hormones they produce o hypothalamus antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin, various releasing/inhibiting hormones (e.g., gonadotropin releasing hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone) posterior pituitary stores, secretes ADH, oxytocin from hypothalamus o anterior pituitary follicle stimulation hormone (FSH), leutinizing hormone (LH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, growth hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone o thyroid gland triiodothyronin (T3), thyroxine (T4), calcitonin o parathyroid glands parathyroid hormone o adrenal medulla epinephrine, norepinephrine o adrenal cortex glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) o pineal gland melatonin o ovaries estrogens (estradiol), prolactins (progesterone) o testes androgens (testosterone) specific hormone cascades (e.g., thyroid) 1. Describe or diagram the hormonal cascade leading to the release of thyroid hormones being sure to indicate the source of each hormone and its role or effect. 2. Distinguish endocrine, paracrine and autocrine signaling. Chapter 46 (Animal Reproduction) asexual vs sexual reproduction, advantages and disadvantages of each o various modes of asexual reproduction (budding, fragmentation, fission, parthenogenesis) characteristics, examples of external vs internal fertilization general roles of male (gamete production & delivery, hormone production), female reproductive systems (gamete and hormone production, support of developing embryo/fetus) human male reproductive system o roles of each organ, structure o process, timing of spermatogenesis o hormonal control of spermatogenesis, androgen production

2 human female reproductive system o roles of each organ, structure o process, timing of oogenesis o events, hormonal control of the ovarian cycle o events, hormonal control of the uterine cycle human development o key events and their location in female reproductive system o hormonal control of labor, birth various types of contraception and how they act in general 1. What is parthenogenesis and how does if differ from other types of asexual reproduction? 2. Describe the events of the ovarian cycle and indicate how this cycle is hormonally regulated. Chapter 47 (Animal Development) examples of model organisms used to study animal development events that occur during the process of fertilization o acrosomal reaction o membrane depolarization fast block to polyspermy o cortical reaction slow block to polyspermy o egg activation the process of cleavage o how it differs among animals (holoblastic vs meroblastic, radial vs spiral) o how the cell cycle in cleavage essentially skips the growth stages (G1 and G2) o what it accomplishes (partitioning cytoplasmic determinants among smaller cells) o structures involved (morula, blastula/blastocyst, blasocoel) the process of gastrulation o what it accomplishes (establishes the 3 germ layers) organs, structures derived from endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm o how it varies among urchins, frogs, birds, mammals hypoblast, epiblast, primitive streak, trophoblast, inner cell mass, blastopore o roles of each extraembryonic membrane - amnion, chorion, yolk sac, anllantois process of organogenesis o neurulation o migration of neural crest cells, mesenchymal cells from somites o mechanisms modifying cytoskeleton, convergent extension, apoptosis, adhesion molecules o Hans Spemann s organizer dorsal lip of blastopore o vertebrate limb formation (apical ectodermal ridge, zone of polarizing activity, sonic hedgehog) concepts of cell fate, determination, potency o fate mapping by cell labeling, cell ablation 1. Describe how the neural tube is formed in vertebrates. 2. Indicate how polyspermy is prevented in animals.

3 Chapter 48 (Neurons, Synapses & Signaling) the general structure of neurons 3 stages of information processing sensory input, integration, motor output the concepts of membrane potential, resting potential, electrical potential, chemical potential o how membrane potential is due to the combined effects of differences in charge and differences in concentration across a membrane o how an artificial resting potential can be produced by setting up different concentrations of a salt (e.g., Na + Cl - or K + Cl - ) on either side of a membrane that is permeable to only one of the ions how sodium-potassium pumps, sodium channels and potassium channels contribute to the resting potential the concepts of graded potential, action potential, hyperpolarization, depolarization how an action potential is triggered and what happens during an action potential o voltage gated ion channels, rising phase, falling phase, refractory period o how an action potential progresses away from the axon hillock the role of myelin sheaths (Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes) in producing nodes of Ranvier which increase the rate of action potential conduction (saltatory conduction) the structure of a synapse and the nature of signaling across a synapse o neurotransmitters, exocytosis, ligand-gated ion channels o electrical vs chemical synapses o combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory synapses examples of each type of neurotransmitter o acetylcholine, amino acids, biogenic amines, neuropeptides, gases 1. Describe how a negative resting potential is established in neurons with regard to Na + and K + ions only. 2. Describe signaling is accomplished across a chemical synapse. Chapter 49 (Nervous Systems) the variety of nervous systems found in the animal kingdom the general roles of each type of glial cell astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, Schwann cell, microglia, ependymal cell, embryonic radial glial cell organization of central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS) white matter vs gray matter the process of a reflex structure and function of the peripheral nervous system o efferent vs afferent nerves o the motor vs autonomic nervous system o sympathetic vs parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system general effects of each on target organs location from which nerves for each division exit the CNS relative positions of sympathetic vs parasympathetic ganglia structure and function of the vertebrate brain o forebrain (olfactory perception, information processing) cerebrum derived from embryonic telencephalon diencephalon which gives rise to thalamus, pineal gland, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary o midbrain forms part of brainstem which routes sensory input

4 o hindbrain cerebellum non-midbrain portion of brainstem pons medulla oblongata o control of sleep and arousal, circadian rhythms o brain structure associated with emotions o locations, roles of the four cerebral cortex lobes frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital locations of somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex general arrangement of body regions in each cortex roles in speech/language, locations of Broca s area, Wernicke s area o lateralization of the brain right vs left hemispheres, connection via corpus callosum o general functions of the prefrontal lobe concepts of neuronal plasticity and long term potentiation and their roles in learning roles of the hippocampus in memory formation the basic nature of following nervous system disorders schizophrenia, Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease, depression, bipolar disorder, addiction 1. Distinguish the roles of Broca s and Wernicke s areas in speech and language and indicate the location of each in the cerebral cortex. 2. Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Chapter 50 (Sensory & Motor Mechanisms) the concepts of sensory reception, transduction, transmission, integration and perception how the frequency of action potentials relates to signal intensity the 5 types of sensory receptors - mechanoreceptors, electromagnetic receptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, pain receptors and the type of energy each responds to the sensation of sound (hearing) and equilibrium o anatomy of the human outer, middle and inner ears and the roles of each structure o how sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea then converted to action potentials o how the cochlea detects volume and pitch of sound waves o how auditory information is transmitted to the brain o how the utricle, saccule and semicircular canals detect gravity and motion o the function of the lateral line system in fish and amphibians the sensation of light (visual perception) o the variety of light sensing organs in the animal kingdom o the anatomy of the vertebrate eye and roles of each structure o how the photons of light are converted to action potentials in the retina o the roles of rods and cones in light perception o how visual information is transmitted to the brain the basis of the sensation of taste (gustation) the basis of the sensation of smell (olfaction) skeletal muscle contraction o skeletal muscle structure muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres sarcomere structure thin (actin) filaments, thick (myosin) filaments, Z lines o the sliding filament model of muscle contraction o the roles of tropomyosin, the troponin complex and calcium

5 o how motor neuron stimulation controls muscle contraction o the concept of a motor unit o glycolytic vs oxidative fibers, slow-twitch vs fast twitch fibers o how cardiac and smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle major bones in the human skeleton (see Figure 50.36) 1. Describe what happens in a sarcomere when skeletal muscle contracts. 2. Describe how the structure of the cochlea relates to the perception of pitch. Extra credit article Hidden Switches in the Mind by Eric Nestler, Scientific American, December 2011, pp