Nervous system. 3 Basic functions of the nervous system !!!! !!! 1-Sensory. 2-Integration. 3-Motor
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1 Nervous system 3 Basic functions of the nervous system 1-Sensory 2-Integration 3-Motor
2 I. Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord I. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 2) Afferent towards afferent sensory neurons 3) Efferent away efferent motor neurons
3 efferent (con t) ii) Somatic nervous system Skeletal voluntary efferent (con t) ii) Autonomic nervous system Smooth muscles Cardiac muscle Glands (endo/exocrine) Involuntary
4 2 subdivisions of the ANS b) Sympathetic c) Parasympathetic Histology Neuroglial cells Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes
5 9 Histology Neuroglial cells Microglia Ependymocytes gliomas Example: anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme
6 Neurons Cell body, soma, perikaryon Nissl bodies Neurofibrils Dendrites 11
7 Neurons Axon Structure Axon hillock Axoplasm Axolemma Neurons Axon collaterals Axon terminals (telodendria) telodendria
8 Neurons Synaptic end bulbs Synaptic vesicles
9 17 Axoplasmic flow Axonal transport
10 19 Nerve fiber Myelin sheath
11 Multiple sclerosis Nodes of Ranvier (neurofibril nodes) Neurolemmocytes/ Schwann cells In PNS Neurolemma Regeneration
12 Oligodendrocytes No regeneration Generation of an Action potential (nerve impulse) At the resting state 1) The different concentrations of Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane are maintained by the Na+/K+ ATPase with the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP. Membrane potential difference (PD)=-70mv, inside negative. The membrane is polarized
13 At the resting state 2) Activation gate (called this because when the gate is stimulated it activates or opens the channel) on the voltage-sensitive Na+ channel is closed. 3) The inactivation gate is open at present. 4) No Na+ flow in or out of the cell. 5) The voltage-sensitive K+ channel is slightly open, so there is a small K+ leak out of the cell. 1) A stimulus opens the activation gate of the voltage-sensitive Na channel. 2) The channel is now open and Na+ flows inward, down its [Na+] and electrical gradient. 3) As more Na+ enters the cell, the inside of the cell becomes positive. The PD passes 0 mv, then approaches +30 mv. The membrane becomes depolarized.
14 1) The stimulus also causes the inactivation gate (called that because it inactivates the channel when it is stimulated) to close. This happens slowly, after the channel has been open for several microseconds. 2) The flow of Na+ into the cell stops. 3) The membrane PD does not go beyond +30 mv. 1) The voltage-gated K+ channels opens slowly, at the same time that the inactivation gate of the Na+ channel closes. 2) K+ flows out of the cell, down the [K+] and electrical gradient: Remember- the inside of the cell in now more positive than the outside.
15 3) K+ movements carries positive charges out of the cell and the inside becomes more negative. The cell becomes repolarized. 4) When PD= -70 mv the gates return to their resting state. 5) The Na+-K+ ATPase returns the concentrations of the Na+ and K+ ions to the resting state levels. 30
16 Refractory period Absolute Relative Nerve AP vs. Muscle AP nerve muscle 32
17 Saltatory conduction Nodes of Ranvier Increase speed of conduction Decrease in energy use
18 Nerve fiber types Fiber types A B C Size Myelination 4-20µm 2-4µm <2µm Yes Yes No Speed 140m/sec 18m/sec 1m/sec Example Some sensory and skeletal Temp. pain, smooth muscles Temp. pain, smooth muscles Neuroeffector junction Neuromuscular junction (motor endplate) Neuroglandular junction
19 Synapse Junction between neurons Structure Synaptic cleft Synaptic end bulbs Axodendritic Axosomatic Axoaxonic
20 One-way impulse conduction Synaptic vesicles Neurotransmitter Excitatory transmissions Excitatory transmitter-receptor interaction
21 Two mechanisms 1-Receptors open Na+ channels 2-Adenylate cyclase camp-kinases
22 Caffine Phosphodiesterase inhibitor Excitatory post-synaptic potential, EPSP Facilitation Summation Spatial Temporal
23 Inhibitory transmissions Inhibitory transmitter-receptor interaction or ITRI Inhibitory post-synaptic potential IPSP Integrator post-synaptic neuron Neurotransmitters Acetlycholine (ACh) Peripheral mostly Acetlycholine esterase Acetate and choline
24 Neural networks Simple Diverging Converging Reverberating
25 49
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