Nervous System Organization
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1 The Nervous System
2 Nervous System Organization Receptors respond to stimuli Sensory receptors detect the stimulus Motor effectors respond to stimulus Nervous system divisions Central nervous system Command center Peripheral nervous system Collects and responds 2
3 Nervous System Organization Vertebrates have three types of neurons 1. Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) carry impulses to central nervous system (CNS) 2. Motor neurons (efferent neurons) carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) 3. Interneurons (association neurons) provide more complex reflexes and associative functions (learning and memory) 3
4 Nervous System Organization Central nervous system (CNS) Brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Sensory and motor neurons Somatic NS stimulates skeletal muscles Autonomic NS stimulates smooth and cardiac muscles, as well as glands Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS Counterbalance each other 4
5 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. PNS Sensory Neurons CNS Interneuron Cell body Touch Direction of conduction Axon Cell body Dendrites Dendrites Taste Direction of conduction Axon Motor Neurons Smooth muscle Axon terminals Ganglion Cell bodies Skeletal muscle Direction of conduction 5
6 Nervous System Organization Neurons have the same basic structure Cell body Enlarged part containing nucleus Dendrites Short, cytoplasmic extensions that receive stimuli Axon Single, long extension that conducts impulses away from cell body 6
7 Nervous System Organization Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dendrites Cell body Nucleus Axon Schwann cell Axon Node of Ranvier Myelin sheath Myelin sheath Enrico Mugnaini/Visuals Unlimited 7
8 Nervous System Organization Neuroglia Support neurons both structurally and functionally Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths surrounding axons In the CNS, myelinated axons form white matter Dendrites/cell bodies form gray matter In the PNS, myelinated axons are bundled to form nerves 8
9 Nervous System Organization Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Axon Schwann cell Nucleus Myelin sheath The formation of the myelin sheath around a peripheral axon. 9
10 Nerve Impulse Transmission A potential difference exists across every cell s plasma membrane Negative pole cytoplasmic side Positive pole extracellular fluid side When a neuron is not being stimulated, it maintains a resting potential Ranges from 40 to 90 millivolts (mv) Average about 70 mv 10
11 Nerve Impulse Transmission The inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside 1. Sodium potassium pump Brings two K + into cell for every three Na + it pumps out 2. Ion leakage channels Allow more K + to diffuse out than Na + to diffuse in 11
12 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Extracellular 6. Dephosphorylation of protein triggers change back to original conformation, with low affinity for K +. K + diffuses into the cell, and the cycle repeats. 1. Carrier in membrane binds intracellular sodium. K + Na + P Intracellular + ATP ADP 2. ATP phosphorylates protein with bound sodium. 5. Binding of potassium causes dephosphorylation of protein. P i 4. This conformation has higher affinity for K +. Extracellular potassium binds to exposed sites. P i 3. Phosphorylation causes conformational change in protein, reducing its affinity for Na +. The Na + then diffuses out. 12
13 Nerve Impulse Transmission The action potential has three phases Rising, falling, and undershoot Action potentials are always separate, allor-none events with the same amplitude Do not add up or interfere with each other Intensity of a stimulus is coded by the frequency, not amplitude, of action potentials 13
14 Membrane potential (mv) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2. Rising Phase Stimulus causes above threshold voltage 3. T op of Curve Maximum voltage reached Potassium gate opens Sodium channel activation gate opens K + Na + Na + channel inactivation gate closes Resting Phase Equilibrium between diffusion of K+ out of cell and voltage pulling K + into cell Time (ms) 4. Falling Phase Undershoot occurs as excess potassium diffuses out before potassium channel closes Voltage-gated potassium channel Potassium channel gate closes Potassium gate open Equilibrium restored Potassium channel Voltage-gated sodium channel Sodium channel activation gate closes. Inactivation gate opens. Na + channel inactivation gate closed 14
15 Nerve Impulse Transmission Propagation of action potentials Each action potential, in its rising phase, reflects a reversal in membrane polarity Positive charges due to influx of Na + can depolarize the adjacent region to threshold And so the next region produces its own action potential Meanwhile, the previous region repolarizes back to the resting membrane potential Signal does not go back toward cell body 15
16 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. resting repolarized depolarized Cytoplasm Cell membrane Na K K + Na K K + Na K K + Na
17 17
18 Synapses Intercellular junctions with the dendrites of other neurons, with muscle cells, or with gland cells Presynaptic cell transmits action potential Postsynaptic cell receives it Two basic types: electrical and chemical 18
19 Synapses Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neurotransmitter (ACh) Action potential Inward diffusion of Ca 2+ Terminal branch of axon Ca 2+ Synaptic vesicle Synaptic cleft Na + Receptor protein 19
20 Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine (ACh) Crosses the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber Neuromuscular junction Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ed Reschke 15 µm 20
21 Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine (ACh) Binds to receptor in the postsynaptic membrane Causes ligand-gated ion channels to open Produces a depolarization called an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) Stimulates muscle contraction Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) degrades ACh Causes muscle relaxation 21
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