Neurochemistry 1. Nervous system is made of neurons & glia, as well as other cells. Santiago Ramon y Cajal Nobel Prize 1906

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1 Neurochemistry 1 Nervous system is made of neurons & glia, as well as other cells. Santiago Ramon y Cajal Nobel Prize 1906

2 How Many Neurons Do We Have? The human brain contains ~86 billion neurons and ~85 billion glia ~16 billion neurons in cerebral cortex ~69 billion neurons in cerebellum

3

4 Cell Body or Soma Contains the cell nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, etc. Covered with synapses on its surface in many neurons Inner Life of a Cell - Protein Packing

5 Electron Micrograph

6 Plasma membrane lipid bilayer (two layers of fat molecules) proteins (e.g., ion channels, hormone receptors)

7 Dendrites Branching fibers with a surface lined with synaptic receptors responsible for bringing information into the neuron Some also contain dendritic spines that further branch out and increase the surface area of the dendrite

8 Dendritic Spines Control Patient #390 Schizophrenic Patient #410 Golgi stain reveals basilar dendrites and spines on prefrontal cortex neurons

9 Axons transmit electrical signals toward other neurons, organs, or muscles axon hillock some have a myelin sheath insulation: increases conduction speed interruptions, known as nodes of Ranvier presynaptic terminals at the end of an axon release chemicals

10 Tracts / nerves Tracts: bundles of axons in the CNS Nerves: bundles of axons in the PNS Nuclei / ganglia Nuclei: clusters of cell bodies in CNS Ganglia: clusters of cell bodies in PNS

11 Variations Among Neurons Neurons vary in size, shape, and function Shape of a neuron determines its connections (plastic) The function of a neuron is closely related to its shape

12 4 major classes of neurons Unipolar one process extending from cell body Bipolar two processes Multipolar more than two processes most neurons are multipolar Multipolar Interneuron short axon or no axon integrate neural activity within one brain region, and do not conduct information to other regions

13 Vertebrate Motor Neuron

14 Vertebrate Sensory Neuron

15 Types of Glia Astrocytes: star shaped e.g., synchronize associated axons e.g., formation of synapses Microglia immune cells of nervous system Oligodendrocytes (in CNS) and Schwann cells (in PNS) build myelin sheath that surrounds some vertebrate axons Radial glia guide the migration of new neurons Ratio of glia to neurons varies across regions

16 Shapes of Various Glia

17 Nerve Impulse or Action Potential Electrical signal that is transmitted down the axon regenerated at points along the axon, so that the signal is not weakened Speed ranges from less than 1 m/sec to 100 m/sec size of axon myelination

18 Recording Activity of a Neuron

19

20 Resting Potential of the Neuron At rest, the membrane maintains an electrical gradient (polarization) The inside of the membrane is slightly negative with respect to the outside proteins (anions) often approximately -70 millivolts (mv) varies

21 Resting Potential of the Neuron Na+ ions 10 more concentrated outside cell K+ ions 10 more concentrated inside cell maintained by sodium-potassium pumps that move 3 Na+ ions out of the cell for every 2 K+ ions moved in

22 Sodium and Potassium Gradients for a Resting Membrane 2 forces act on Na+ ions electrical gradient concentration gradient At rest, Na channels are tightly closed, no Na+ ions enter the cell At rest, some K channels are open and some are closed, slow exit of K+ ions

23 The Action Potential The resting potential remains stable until the neuron is altered hyperpolarization: further from 0 mv depolarization: closer to 0 mv threshold of excitation varies from one neuron to another, but is consistent for each neuron

24 Voltage-Activated Ion Channels Ion permeability depends upon the voltage difference across the plasma membrane Sodium and potassium channels that are voltage-activated ( voltage-gated ) When sodium channels are opened, positively charged sodium ions rush in depolarization

25 Changes in Membrane Potential

26 Na channels Molecular Basis of the Action Potential With slight depolarization, Na channels open slightly Once threshold is reached, Na channels open wide and Na+ ions rush into cell At the peak of action potential, sodium channels close and cannot be opened again for ~1 msec K channels open wide as action potential approaches its peak, allowing K+ ions to flow out of the cell cell becomes hyperpolarized and overshoots resting membrane potential, and then returns to -70 mv (sodium-potassium pump)

27 Movement of Sodium and Potassium Ions

28 Molecular Basis of the Action Potential Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

29 All-or-None Law The amplitude and velocity of an action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it For a given neuron, action potentials are consistent in intensity and speed timing of action potentials conveys information Action potentials vary from one neuron to another in terms of amplitude, velocity, and shape variation in the types of ion channels, myelin etc

30 Myelin Sheath insulating material - fats and proteins

31 Velocity of action potential increases as fiber diameter increases Myelin sheath can also increase speed axon under sheath does not have sodium channels sheath is interrupted at intervals of 1mm by unmyelinated sections called nodes of Ranvier that have sodium channels Myelin Sheath

32 Saltatory Conduction in a Myelinated Axon

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