SENSORY PROCESSES PROVIDE INFORMATION ON ANIMALS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNAL STATUS 34.4
|
|
- Ethel Sanders
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 SENSORY PROCESSES PROVIDE INFORMATION ON ANIMALS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNAL STATUS 34.4
2 INTRODUCTION Animals need information about their external environments to move, locate food, find mates, and avoid danger. Echolocation Pheromones Key star They also need information regarding internal conditions, such as partial pressure of O 2 and CO 2 in the blood, and tension in contracting muscles.
3 SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS TRANSFORM STIMULI INTO ELECTRIC SIGNALS Sensory receptor cells: neurons specialized for sensory transduction transforming the energy of a stimulus into an electric signal. The electric signal generates action potentials. Action potentials convey the sensory information to the brain or other areas of the nervous system. Sensory receptor cells are highly specific in the stimuli to which they respond.
4 SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS DEPEND ON SPECIFIC RECEPTOR PROTEINS AND ARE IONOTROPIC OR METABOTROPIC Sensory receptor proteins: membrane proteins in sensory receptor cells that initially detect a stimulus They produce graded membrane potentials (receptor potentials). Receptor cell membranes are often modified to have a large surface area, such as microvilli, cilia, or folding. This allows more receptor molecules and greater sensitivity.
5 SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS DEPEND ON SPECIFIC RECEPTOR PROTEINS AND ARE IONOTROPIC OR METABOTROPIC Cone cells in vertebrate eyes have highly folded membranes with great numbers of photoreceptor molecules. Cone cells in vertebrate eyes have tightly folded cell membranes in which great numbers of photoreceptor molecules are found
6 SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS DEPEND ON SPECIFIC RECEPTOR PROTEINS AND ARE IONOTROPIC OR METABOTROPIC Ionotropic receptor cells: receptor proteins are typically stimulus-gated Na + channels. Stimulus opens the channel, Na + moves in, and receptor potential is generated. Metabotropic receptor cells are typically G protein-linked receptors; activation leads to change in a second messenger. This can directly or indirectly produce a receptor potential.
7 SENSATION DEPENDS ON WHICH NEURONS IN THE BRAIN RECEIVE ACTION POTENTIALS FROM SENSORY CELLS In the brain, different regions receive and process information from different sensory systems. Examples: Axons from the eyes travel to the visual cortex Axons from the inner ear travel to the auditory cortex Intensity of sensations is coded by the frequency of the action potentials.
8 SENSATION OF STRETCH AND SMELL EXEMPLIFY IONOTROPIC AND METABOTROPIC RECEPTION Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical distortion of the cell membrane; most are ionotropic. Stretch receptor cells in muscles respond when the muscle contracts. Stretch receptors are specialized neurons. When cell membranes of the dendrites are stretched, Na + channels open and produce a graded receptor potential that spreads to the axon hillock. Action potentials are generated if depolarization is above threshold.
9 1. Stretching a muscle cell is the stimulus 2. that activates the opening of ion channels in stretch receptor dendrites, giving rise to graded receptor potential 3. which spreads to the axon hillock, which generates action potentials when the receptor potential is great enough to trigger them. 4. The action potentials travel to the brain along the axon.
10 SENSATION OF STRETCH AND SMELL EXEMPLIFY IONOTROPIC AND METABOTROPIC RECEPTION Stretch receptors in the biceps help adjust the muscle s strength of contraction to match the load the muscle must sustain. Receptors in the muscle detect how much the muscle is being lengthened by a load; this information is used to keep the arm stable as the load increases. Mechanoreceptor Simulation
11 1. Muscle Spindles detect lengthening caused by stretch. When muscles spindles are stretched 2. Sensory neurons associated with them transmit action potentials to the nervous system. These signals stimulate motor neurons to increase muscle contraction. 3. Each line represents one action potential
12 CHEMORECEPTORS The sense of smell (olfaction) involves metabotropic receptors. Chemicals detected by smell are odorants. The sensory cells are chemoreceptors. In mammals, the receptors are in the lining of the nasal cavity. Axons extend to the olfactory bulb in the brain. Odorants must be dissolved in the liquid mucus to be detected.
13 CHEMORECEPTORS When an odorant binds to a receptor protein, it activates a G protein, which activates a second messenger. The second messenger opens ion channels and an influx of Na + depolarizes the olfactory neuron.
14 CHEMORECEPTORS Different receptor cells have different G proteins that bind different odorants. With tens of thousands of olfactory receptor cells each with one type of receptor protein a wide range of odorants can be detected. The combination of olfactory cells stimulated by a particular odorant is unique to that odorant. The brain can interpret the pattern of signals as pointing to a particular smell.
15 CHEMORECEPTORS Some animals have extremely specific olfactory receptor cells that are extremely sensitive. Some male moths have thousands of receptors on their antennae that respond to pheromones emitted by the females. They can detect a female when the pheromone level is as low as % of the air molecules.
16 AUDITORY SYSTEMS USE MECHANORECEPTORS TO SENSE SOUND PRESSURE WAVES Auditory systems use mechanoreceptors to sense sound pressure waves. Many hearing organs have a membrane that moves in and out when sound pressure waves hit it. In mammals, this is the tympanic membrane (ear drum). 1. Sound pressure waves travel through the auditory canal and vibrate the tympanic membrane
17 AUDITORY SYSTEMS USE MECHANORECEPTORS TO SENSE SOUND PRESSURE WAVES The middle ear is an airfilled cavity with three bones (ossicles) the malleus, incus, stapes. They transmit vibrations of the tympanic membrane to another membrane, the oval window. The oval window connects to the cochlea, a coiled, fluid-filled tube where sound energy is transduced into electric signals. 2. The ossicles transmit vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea. 3. Vibrations at oval window create pressure waves in fluid-filled cochlear canals.
18 AUDITORY SYSTEMS USE MECHANORECEPTORS TO SENSE SOUND PRESSURE WAVES The cochlea has three parallel canals separated by membranes. The basilar membrane changes in width and stiffness over its length. Different pitches, or frequency of vibration, cause different regions of the basilar membrane to oscillate. 4. Pressure waves in cochlear canals flex adjacent membranes
19 Pressure waves travel down the vestibular canal and flex the basilar membrane at a frequency-specific region. Hair cells in that region are stimulated to send signals to the brain
20 Red numbers represent the sound frequencies, in Hertz, to which various parts of the membrane maximally respond Membrane width is diagrammed. It increases gradually from one end to the other Sound transduction in the human ear animation
21 AUDITORY SYSTEMS USE MECHANORECEPTORS TO SENSE SOUND PRESSURE WAVES The organ of Corti, on the basilar membrane, has mechanoreceptor cells called hair cells. Hair cells have projections called stereocilia that project into the semi-rigid tectorial membrane. When the basilar membrane moves, the stereocilia are bent. Hair cells transduce the bending motions of the stereocilia into electric signals and synapse with neurons that produce action potentials.
22 5. When basilar membrane is flexed, it bends stereocilia on hair cells in the organ of Corti 6. The movements of stereocilia are transduced into action potentials in the auditory nerve.
23 THE PHOTORECEPTORS INVOLVED IN VISION DETECT LIGHT USING RHODOPSINS Photoreceptors receptor cells sensitive to light Photoreceptors are metabotropic; the receptor proteins are all in the family of pigments called rhodopsins, which act as G protein linked receptors. Rhodopsin consists of the protein opsin and a light-absorbing group, 11-cis-retinal.
24 THE PHOTORECEPTORS INVOLVED IN VISION DETECT LIGHT USING RHODOPSINS An advantage of metabotropic control is that signals can be amplified. With large numbers of rhodopsin molecules and strong amplification, some photoreceptor cells undergo a measurable change in membrane potential in response to just a single photon of light. Photosensitivity animation
25 THE VERTEBRATE RETINA IS A DEVELOPMENTAL OUTGROWTH OF THE BRAIN AND CONSISTS OF SPECIALIZED NEURONS Connective tissue forms the transparent cornea on front of eye. Iris (pigmented) controls amount of light reaching photoreceptors; opening is the pupil Lens crystalline protein, focuses image, can change shape for focusing Retina photosensitive layer at the back of the eye
26 THE VERTEBRATE RETINA IS A DEVELOPMENTAL OUTGROWTH OF THE BRAIN AND CONSISTS OF SPECIALIZED NEURONS The retina has several types of neurons including the photoreceptors (rods and cones). Rods and cones have large membrane surface area and many rhodopsin molecules. In humans, rods outnumber cones. Rods are more sensitive to light; important in dim light situations. Cones provide color vision.
27 THE VERTEBRATE RETINA IS A DEVELOPMENTAL OUTGROWTH OF THE BRAIN AND CONSISTS OF SPECIALIZED NEURONS Humans have three types of cone cells with slightly different molecular opsin molecules they absorb different wavelengths of light. This allows the brain to interpret input from the different cones as a full range of color.
28 THE VERTEBRATE RETINA IS A DEVELOPMENTAL OUTGROWTH OF THE BRAIN AND CONSISTS OF SPECIALIZED NEURONS Rod and cone cells only produce graded membrane potentials (not action potentials). When stimulated, they hyperpolarize the opposite of other sensory cells responding to stimuli. In darkness, Na + channels are open and Na + continually enters the cells. When stimulated, the 2 nd messenger closes the channels, and inside of membrane becomes more negative.
29 THE VERTEBRATE RETINA IS A DEVELOPMENTAL OUTGROWTH OF THE BRAIN AND CONSISTS OF SPECIALIZED NEURONS The effect of the hyperpolarization is graded, depending on light intensity. Rod and cone cells synapse with other neurons in the retina and relay signals to them by graded neurotransmitter release.
30 THE VERTEBRATE RETINA IS A DEVELOPMENTAL OUTGROWTH OF THE BRAIN AND CONSISTS OF SPECIALIZED NEURONS The retina has four types of integrating neurons arranged in layers. Rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells, which synapse with ganglion cells. Horizontal cells and amacrine cells communicate laterally within the retina. Ganglion cells are the only ones that produce action potentials. Their axons converge to form the optic nerves.
31 Integrating neurons consisting of ganglion, amacrine, bipolar, and horizontal cells are found in layered arrangement in the retina 1. Light travels through integrating neurons, which are transparent 2 and is absorbed by the rods and cones (the visual photoreceptor cells) at the back of the retina. 4 and finally converges on ganglion cells, which send action potentials via their axons to the brain 3. Visual information from the rods and cones is processed by the integrating neurons
32 THE VERTEBRATE RETINA IS A DEVELOPMENTAL OUTGROWTH OF THE BRAIN AND CONSISTS OF SPECIALIZED NEURONS Each ganglion cell has a receptive field a defined, circular field formed by the cells from which it receives signals. Different ganglion cells are excited by light falling on the center versus the periphery of the receptive field. This enables ganglion cells to communicate information to the brain about visual patterns such as spots, edges, and areas of contrast. Structure of the Eye video
33 SOME RETINAL GANGLION CELLS ARE PHOTORECEPTIVE AND INTERACT WITH THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK About 1 2% of ganglion cells are photosensitive. The receptor protein is believed to be melanopsin. They provide information on the presence of light and its intensity. This information is relayed to the suprachiasmatic nuclei, where it is used to entrain the master circadian biological clock. It also regulates pupil size so they are large in dim light and small in bright light.
34 ARTHROPODS HAVE COMPOUND EYES Arthropods have compound eyes consisting of units called ommatidia. Each ommatidium has a lens to focus light onto photoreceptor cells containing rhodopsin. Each ommatidium points in a slightly different direction. The more ommatidia, the higher the image resolution. Fast-flying predators such as dragonflies have up to 30,000.
35 ARTHROPODS HAVE COMPOUND EYES The compound eye of a fruit fly contains hundreds of ommatidia, each of which looks somewhat like a dot on the eye surface
36 ANIMALS EVOLVED DIVERSITY Some animals have evolved unusual sensory abilities to sense information such as electric fields or Earth s magnetic field. Some animals perceive their environment very differently than humans do, for example, hearing sound frequencies that we cannot hear, or seeing electromagnetic wavelengths that we cannot see.
37 ANIMALS EVOLVED DIVERSITY Our eyes can see wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.7 μm. Infrared wavelengths longer than 0.7 μm Ultraviolet wavelengths shorter than 0.4 μm Some snakes can see infrared wavelengths, detecting warmth in darkness, which helps them find prey. Pit vipers have infrared sensing organs in pits near the eyes.
38 ANIMALS EVOLVED DIVERSITY Many animals can see ultraviolet wavelengths bees, some birds. Male and female cedar waxwings look alike to us, but researchers have discovered that the birds themselves can tell the difference, with UV wavelengths.
39 ANIMALS EVOLVED DIVERSITY Some animals can sense electric fields. Some fish produce weak electric fields and detect distortions in these fields caused by objects in their environment. The fish can perceive objects even in complete darkness. This African fish is nocturnal. They find food using selfproduced electric fields
Some sensory receptors are specialized neurons while others are specialized cells that regulate neurons Figure 50.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms Chapter 50 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system Sensory Pathways Sensory pathways have four basic
More informationSensors. Sensory Physiology. Transduction. Types of Environmental Stimuli. Chemoreception. Taste Buds (Contact Chemoreceptors)
Sensors Sensory Physiology Chapter 13 Detect changes in environmental conditions Primary Sensors neurons modified to undergo action potentials in response to specific stimuli (e.g. chemical, mechanical)
More informationSensory and Motor Mechanisms Chapter 50. Sensory Pathways. Transmission. Perception 11/6/2017
Sensory and Motor Mechanisms Chapter 50 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the CNS Sensory Pathways Four basic functions Sensory reception Tranduction Conversion of stimulus
More informationSensory Systems (con t)
10 th or 11 th Lecture Fri/Mon 06/09 Feb 2009 Vertebrate Physiology ECOL 437 (MCB/VetSci 437) Univ. of Arizona, spring 2009 Kevin Bonine & Kevin Oh Sensory Processing II Chapter 13 Housekeeping, Fri 06
More informationSensory Processing II Chapter 13
10 th or 11 th Lecture Fri/Mon 06/09 Feb 2009 Vertebrate Physiology ECOL 437 (MCB/VetSci 437) Univ. of Arizona, spring 2009 Kevin Bonine & Kevin Oh Sensory Processing II Chapter 13 1 Housekeeping, Fri
More informationSensory Processing II
10 th or 11 th Lecture Fri/Mon 06/09 Feb 2009 Vertebrate Physiology ECOL 437 (MCB/VetSci 437) Univ. of Arizona, spring 2009 Kevin Bonine & Kevin Oh Sensory Processing II Chapter 13 1 Housekeeping, Fri
More informationSensing and acting Bats use sonar to detect their prey. Both bats and moths have complex sensory systems that facilitate their survival
Sensing and acting Bats use sonar to detect their prey Moths, a common prey for bats can detect the bat s sonar and attempt to flee Both bats and moths have complex sensory systems that facilitate their
More informationSensory and Motor Mechanisms
Chapter 50 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationSensory Transduction
Sensory Transduction Gordon L. Fain University of California, Los Angeles with illustrations by Margery J. Fain Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A. Brief Contents Chapter
More informationBio 449 Fall Exam points total Multiple choice. As with any test, choose the best answer in each case. Each question is 3 points.
Name: Exam 1 100 points total Multiple choice. As with any test, choose the best answer in each case. Each question is 3 points. 1. The term internal environment, as coined by Clause Bernard, is best defined
More informationSensory and Motor Mechanisms
50 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms KEY ON EPTS 50.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system 50.2 The mechanoreceptors responsible for hearing and equilibrium
More informationHair Cells: The Sensory Transducers of the Inner Ear
Chapter 1 Hair Cells: The Sensory Transducers of the Inner Ear Hair cells are specialized cells that transform a mechanical motion into changes in membrane potential. Such changes, whereby one form of
More informationLecture 07, 13 Sept 2005 Chapters 12 and 13. Vertebrate Physiology ECOL 437 (aka MCB 437, VetSci 437) University of Arizona Fall 2005
Lecture 07, 13 Sept 2005 Chapters 12 and 13 Vertebrate Physiology ECOL 437 (aka MCB 437, VetSci 437) University of Arizona Fall 2005 instr: Kevin Bonine t.a.: Kristen Potter Vertebrate Physiology 437 Chapter
More informationAflash of light reveals an instant in a nighttime confrontation. r~:~;;; :nd Acting
KEY CONCEPTS 5.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system 5.2 The mechanoreceptors responsible for hearing and equilibrium detect moving fluid or settling
More informationIntroduction Principles of Signaling and Organization p. 3 Signaling in Simple Neuronal Circuits p. 4 Organization of the Retina p.
Introduction Principles of Signaling and Organization p. 3 Signaling in Simple Neuronal Circuits p. 4 Organization of the Retina p. 5 Signaling in Nerve Cells p. 9 Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurons
More informationConverting energy into nerve impulses, resting potentials and action potentials Sensory receptors
D 1.3 s Converting energy into nerve impulses, resting potentials and action potentials Sensory receptors A receptor converts an external or internal stimulus into an electrical signal. Sensory receptors
More informationBIOLOGY. 1. Sensory Receptors 11/9/2014. Sensory and Motor Mechanisms. Sensory Receptors
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION 50 Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Sensory and Motor Mechanisms Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick 1. Sensory Receptors Sensory
More informationBiology 224 Human Anatomy and Physiology - II Week 1; Lecture 1; Monday Dr. Stuart S. Sumida. Review of Early Development of Humans.
Biology 224 Human Anatomy and Physiology - II Week 1; Lecture 1; Monday Dr. Stuart S. Sumida Review of Early Development of Humans Special Senses Review: Historical and Developmental Perspectives Ontogeny
More informationNervous Tissue. Neurons Neural communication Nervous Systems
Nervous Tissue Neurons Neural communication Nervous Systems What is the function of nervous tissue? Maintain homeostasis & respond to stimuli Sense & transmit information rapidly, to specific cells and
More informationLimulus. The Neural Code. Response of Visual Neurons 9/21/2011
Crab cam (Barlow et al., 2001) self inhibition recurrent inhibition lateral inhibition - L16. Neural processing in Linear Systems: Temporal and Spatial Filtering C. D. Hopkins Sept. 21, 2011 The Neural
More informationReview sheet for exam III
Review sheet for exam III WARNING: I have tried to be complete, but I may have missed something. You are responsible for all the material discussed in class. This is only a guide. NOTE: the extra material
More informationNeurons and Nervous Systems
34 Neurons and Nervous Systems Concept 34.1 Nervous Systems Consist of Neurons and Glia Nervous systems have two categories of cells: Neurons, or nerve cells, are excitable they generate and transmit electrical
More informationGrade 5, Unit C, Physical Science, Chapter 14, Changing Forms of Energy. How Does sound Behave? Sound Transmits Energy
Pearson Scott Foresman CORRELATION TO CONNECTICUT SCIENCE FRAMEWORK Grade 5 Core Themes, Content Standards and Expected Performances (User Note: In addition to the student text there are Leveled Readers
More informationVertebrate Physiology 437 EXAM I 26 September 2002 NAME
437 EXAM1.DOC Vertebrate Physiology 437 EXAM I 26 September 2002 NAME 0. When you gaze at the stars, why do you have to look slightly away from the really faint ones in order to be able to see them? (1
More informationW41. Examples of Oriented Behavior. Collective behavior of bacteria around a food source. Sensory Guidance and Oriented Behavior
Sensory Guidance and Oriented Behavior Lecture 40 BioNB4240 W41 1) Spend 4 hours normally devoted to writing assignment on your Wikipedia project 2) Put your notes and outlines and sources down in outline
More informationNervous Tissue. Neurons Electrochemical Gradient Propagation & Transduction Neurotransmitters Temporal & Spatial Summation
Nervous Tissue Neurons Electrochemical Gradient Propagation & Transduction Neurotransmitters Temporal & Spatial Summation What is the function of nervous tissue? Maintain homeostasis & respond to stimuli
More informationDomain 6: Communication
Domain 6: Communication 6.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history. (EK3.D.1) 1. Introduction to Communication Communication requires the generation,
More informationNEURONS, SENSE ORGANS, AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS CHAPTER 34
NEURONS, SENSE ORGANS, AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS CHAPTER 34 KEY CONCEPTS 34.1 Nervous Systems Are Composed of Neurons and Glial Cells 34.2 Neurons Generate Electric Signals by Controlling Ion Distributions 34.3
More informationNeurochemistry 1. Nervous system is made of neurons & glia, as well as other cells. Santiago Ramon y Cajal Nobel Prize 1906
Neurochemistry 1 Nervous system is made of neurons & glia, as well as other cells. Santiago Ramon y Cajal Nobel Prize 1906 How Many Neurons Do We Have? The human brain contains ~86 billion neurons and
More informationObjectives. RECEPTION & INTEGRATION: The Nervous System. Human Olfaction
RECEPTION & INTEGRATION: The Nervous System Objectives 1. Describe the origin of the insect nervous system. 2. Identify the major structures of the insect nervous system and describe their function. 3.
More information2. Examine the external anatomy of the squid and identify the following structures: tentacles, arms, fins, siphon, mantle, eyes and collar.
Cephalopod Anatomy As their name implies, members of the class Cephalopoda have modified head-foot which bears an array of prehensile tentacles and arms at the cranial end of the body. The visceral mass
More informationChapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Concept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer Neurons are nerve cells that transfer information within the body Neurons
More informationDendrites - receives information from other neuron cells - input receivers.
The Nerve Tissue Neuron - the nerve cell Dendrites - receives information from other neuron cells - input receivers. Cell body - includes usual parts of the organelles of a cell (nucleus, mitochondria)
More informationChapter 9. Nerve Signals and Homeostasis
Chapter 9 Nerve Signals and Homeostasis A neuron is a specialized nerve cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system. Neural signaling communication by neurons is the process by which an animal
More informationNervous Systems: Neuron Structure and Function
Nervous Systems: Neuron Structure and Function Integration An animal needs to function like a coherent organism, not like a loose collection of cells. Integration = refers to processes such as summation
More informationI n this chapter, we will delve more deeply into the mechanisms of transduction in sensory
Chapter 4b Sensory Receptors II I n this chapter, we will delve more deeply into the mechanisms of transduction in sensory receptors. First, recall that sensory receptors have 3 functional regions: the
More informationVisual pigments. Neuroscience, Biochemistry Dr. Mamoun Ahram Third year, 2019
Visual pigments Neuroscience, Biochemistry Dr. Mamoun Ahram Third year, 2019 References Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/nbk11522/#a 127) The
More informationAnnouncements: Test4: Wednesday on: week4 material CH5 CH6 & NIA CAPE Evaluations please do them for me!! ask questions...discuss listen learn.
Announcements: Test4: Wednesday on: week4 material CH5 CH6 & NIA CAPE Evaluations please do them for me!! ask questions...discuss listen learn. The Chemical Senses: Olfaction Mary ET Boyle, Ph.D. Department
More information36 SENSORY SYSTEMS Sensory Processes. Chapter Outline. Introduction
CHAPTER 36 SENSORY SYSTEMS 1031 36 SENSORY SYSTEMS Figure 36.1 This shark uses its senses of sight, vibration (lateral-line system), and smell to hunt, but it also relies on its ability to sense the electric
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
More informationIntroduction to CNS neurobiology: focus on retina
Introduction to CNS neurobiology: focus on retina September 27, 2017 The retina is part of the CNS Calloway et al., 2009) 1 Retinal circuits: neurons and synapses Rods and Cones Bipolar cells Horizontal
More information37 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 37 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Lines of Communication
More informationOverview Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) innervate Divisions: a. Afferent
Overview Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and spinal cord receives and processes information. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nerve cells that link CNS with organs throughout the body.
More informationIntro and Homeostasis
Intro and Homeostasis Physiology - how the body works. Homeostasis - staying the same. Functional Types of Neurons Sensory (afferent - coming in) neurons: Detects the changes in the body. Informations
More informationNOTES: CH 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
NOTES: CH 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling A nervous system has three overlapping functions: 1) SENSORY INPUT: signals from sensory receptors to integration centers 2) INTEGRATION: information from
More informationInformation processing. Divisions of nervous system. Neuron structure and function Synapse. Neurons, synapses, and signaling 11/3/2017
Neurons, synapses, and signaling Chapter 48 Information processing Divisions of nervous system Central nervous system (CNS) Brain and a nerve cord Integration center Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Nerves
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 37 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More informationthebiotutor.com A2 Biology Unit 5 Responses, Nervous System & Muscles
thebiotutor.com A2 Biology Unit 5 Responses, Nervous System & Muscles 1 Response Mechanism tropism Definition A growth movement of part of plant in response to a directional stimulus examples Positive:
More informationThe Nervous System. Nervous System Organization. Nerve Tissue. Two parts to the nervous system 11/27/2016
The Nervous System Nervous System Organization Animals must be able to respond to environmental stimuli. Three functions of the nervous system: Sensory input conduction of signals from sensory receptors.
More informationSeminar 5. Biophysics of the senses
Seminar 5 Biophysics of the senses Vision. The eye as a compound lens. Limitations of visual acuity. Colour vision. Imperfect human vision. Correction of vision. Audition. Physics of sound waves. Parameters
More informationControl and Integration. Nervous System Organization: Bilateral Symmetric Animals. Nervous System Organization: Radial Symmetric Animals
Control and Integration Neurophysiology Chapters 10-12 Nervous system composed of nervous tissue cells designed to conduct electrical impulses rapid communication to specific cells or groups of cells Endocrine
More informationSensory Encoding of Smell in the Olfactory System of Drosophila
Sensory Encoding of Smell in the Olfactory System of Drosophila (reviewing Olfactory Information Processing in Drosophila by Masse et al, 2009) Ben Cipollini COGS 160 May 11, 2010 Smell Drives Our Behavior...
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Eighth Edition Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp and Janette Lewis Copyright
More informationChapter 26: Properties of Light
Lecture Outline Chapter 26: Properties of Light This lecture will help you understand: Electromagnetic Waves The Electromagnetic Spectrum Transparent Materials Opaque Materials Seeing Light The Eye Electromagnetic
More informationCOMP 546. Lecture 21. Cochlea to brain, Source Localization. Tues. April 3, 2018
COMP 546 Lecture 21 Cochlea to brain, Source Localization Tues. April 3, 2018 1 Ear pinna auditory canal cochlea outer middle inner 2 Eye Ear Lens? Retina? Photoreceptors (light -> chemical) Ganglion cells
More informationNervous System Organization
The Nervous System Chapter 44 Nervous System Organization All animals must be able to respond to environmental stimuli -Sensory receptors = Detect stimulus -Motor effectors = Respond to it -The nervous
More informationIntroduction to Physiological Psychology
Introduction to Physiological Psychology Psych 260 Kim Sweeney ksweeney@cogsci.ucsd.edu cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ksweeney/psy260.html n Vestibular System Today n Gustation and Olfaction 1 n Vestibular sacs: Utricle
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationOutline. Photosensors in biology and in semiconductors. The visual pathway Bottom view. The visual pathway Side view
Outline Photosensors in biology and in semiconductors CNS WS07-08 Class 1 Photosensors in biology The visual pathway and the retina Photoreceptors and the fovea Giacomo Indiveri Institute of Neuroinformatics
More informationThe Nervous System. Nerve Impulses. Resting Membrane Potential. Overview. Nerve Impulses. Resting Membrane Potential
The Nervous System Overview Nerve Impulses (completed12/03/04) (completed12/03/04) How do nerve impulses start? (completed 19/03/04) (completed 19/03/04) How Fast are Nerve Impulses? Nerve Impulses Nerve
More informationBIOLOGY. 1. Overview of Neurons 11/3/2014. Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling. Communication in Neurons
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION 48 Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick 1. Overview of Neurons Communication
More informationNervous System Organization
The Nervous System Nervous System Organization Receptors respond to stimuli Sensory receptors detect the stimulus Motor effectors respond to stimulus Nervous system divisions Central nervous system Command
More informationBIOLOGY 11/10/2016. Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling. Concept 48.1: Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer
48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Concept 48.1: Neuron organization
More informationChapter 37 Active Reading Guide Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Section 1 1. What is a neuron? Chapter 37 Active Reading Guide Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling 2. Neurons can be placed into three groups, based on their location and function.
More informationVertebrate Physiology 437 EXAM I NAME, Section (circle): am pm 23 September Exam is worth 100 points. You have 75 minutes.
1 Vertebrate Physiology 437 EXAM I NAME, Section (circle): am pm 23 September 2004. Exam is worth 100 points. You have 75 minutes. True or False (write true or false ; 10 points total; 1 point each) 1.
More informationVisual pigments. Neuroscience, Biochemistry Dr. Mamoun Ahram Third year, 2015
Visual pigments Neuroscience, Biochemistry Dr. Mamoun Ahram Third year, 2015 References Photoreceptors and visual pigments Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/nbk11522/#a127)
More informationThe sense of smell Outline Main Olfactory System Odor Detection Odor Coding Accessory Olfactory System Pheromone Detection Pheromone Coding
The sense of smell Outline Main Olfactory System Odor Detection Odor Coding Accessory Olfactory System Pheromone Detection Pheromone Coding 1 Human experiment: How well do we taste without smell? 2 Brief
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationThe Neuron - F. Fig. 45.3
excite.org(anism): Electrical Signaling The Neuron - F. Fig. 45.3 Today s lecture we ll use clickers Review today 11:30-1:00 in 2242 HJ Patterson Electrical signals Dendrites: graded post-synaptic potentials
More informationAction Potentials & Nervous System. Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross
Action Potentials & Nervous System Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Review: Membrane potentials exist due to unequal distribution of charge across the membrane Concentration gradients drive ion
More informationHUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD
HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD Class: 10 (Boys) Sub: PHYSICS NOTES The Human Eye: The human eye is a sensitive sense organ and acts like a camera, which enable us to capture the colourful picture of
More informationBASIC VISUAL SCIENCE CORE
BASIC VISUAL SCIENCE CORE Absolute and Increment Thresholds Ronald S. Harwerth Fall, 2016 1. Psychophysics of Vision 2. Light and Dark Adaptation Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu 1 The Neuron Doctrine
More informationEffects of Betaxolol on Hodgkin-Huxley Model of Tiger Salamander Retinal Ganglion Cell
Effects of Betaxolol on Hodgkin-Huxley Model of Tiger Salamander Retinal Ganglion Cell 1. Abstract Matthew Dunlevie Clement Lee Indrani Mikkilineni mdunlevi@ucsd.edu cll008@ucsd.edu imikkili@ucsd.edu Isolated
More informationSpatial Vision: Primary Visual Cortex (Chapter 3, part 1)
Spatial Vision: Primary Visual Cortex (Chapter 3, part 1) Lecture 6 Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Princeton University, Spring 2015 1 Chapter 2 remnants 2 Receptive field:
More informationNerve Signal Conduction. Resting Potential Action Potential Conduction of Action Potentials
Nerve Signal Conduction Resting Potential Action Potential Conduction of Action Potentials Resting Potential Resting neurons are always prepared to send a nerve signal. Neuron possesses potential energy
More informationBIOLOGY. Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Lines of Communication The
More informationSection III. Biochemical and Physiological Adaptations
Section III Biochemical and Physiological Adaptations Introduction S.N. ARCHER and M.B.A. DJAMGOZ For a sensory system to function optimally, it must be adapted to receiving and responding to specific
More informationPhysiology Unit 2. MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES
Physiology Unit 2 MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES Neuron Communication Neurons are stimulated by receptors on dendrites and cell bodies (soma) Ligand gated ion channels GPCR s Neurons stimulate cells
More informationExploring Nonlinear Oscillator Models for the Auditory Periphery
Exploring Nonlinear Oscillator Models for the Auditory Periphery Andrew Binder Dr. Christopher Bergevin, Supervisor October 31, 2008 1 Introduction Sound-induced vibrations are converted into electrical
More informationHousekeeping, 06 February 2008
Lecture 9, 06 Feb 2008 Vertebrate Physiology ECOL 437 (MCB/VetSci 437) Univ. of Arizona, spring 2008 Kevin Bonine & Kevin Oh 1. Synapses (Ch12) 2. Sensory Systems (Ch13) http://eebweb.arizona.edu/eeb_course_websites.htm
More informationSound Waves. Sound waves are caused by vibrations and carry energy through a medium
Chapter 16 Sound Waves Sound waves are caused by vibrations and carry energy through a medium An example of a compressional wave Waves can spread out in all directions Their speed depends on its medium
More informationNeurophysiology. Danil Hammoudi.MD
Neurophysiology Danil Hammoudi.MD ACTION POTENTIAL An action potential is a wave of electrical discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. Action potentials are an essential feature of animal
More information15 Grossberg Network 1
Grossberg Network Biological Motivation: Vision Bipolar Cell Amacrine Cell Ganglion Cell Optic Nerve Cone Light Lens Rod Horizontal Cell Retina Optic Nerve Fiber Eyeball and Retina Layers of Retina The
More informationGrade 9 Science Review
G r a d e 9 S c i e n c e R e v i e w E n d o f Y e a r 2 0 1 6 P a g e 1 Grade 9 Science Review Chapter 1 - Organisation of matter 1. Find the density of a mysterious liquid with a mass of 4.5 grams and
More informationLight is an electromagnetic wave (EM)
What is light? Light is a form of energy. Light travels in a straight line Light speed is 3.0 x 10 8 m/s Light is carried by photons Light can travel through a vacuum Light is a transverse wave Light is
More informationWaves Junior Science. Easy to read Version
Waves Junior Science Easy to read Version 1a Waves transfer energy Waves are a means of transferring energy from one place to another without also transferring matter. Some waves need a medium (matter)
More informationNote on Posted Slides. History of Light. History of Light
Note on Posted Slides These are the slides that I intended to show in class on Wed. Mar. 27, 2013. They contain important ideas and questions from your reading. Due to time constraints, I was probably
More information3/9/2011. Outline Chapter 7 Waves Water Waves Water Waves. Water waves are really circular. They are an example of Mechanical waves.
Outline Chapter 7 Waves 7-1. Water Waves 7-2. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 7-3. Describing Waves 7-4. Standing Waves 7-5. Sound 7-6. Doppler Effect 7-7. Musical Sounds 7-8. Electromagnetic Waves 7-9.
More information1
http://photos1.blogger.com/img/13/2627/640/screenhunter_047.jpg 1 The Nose Knows http://graphics.jsonline.com/graphics/owlive/img/mar05/sideways.one0308_big.jpg 2 http://www.stlmoviereviewweekly.com/sitebuilder/images/sideways-253x364.jpg
More informationTheory of colour measurement Contemporary wool dyeing and finishing
Theory of colour measurement Contemporary wool dyeing and finishing Dr Rex Brady Deakin University Colour measurement theory Topics 1. How we see colour 2. Generation of colours 3. Measurement of colour
More informationthe ability to do work or cause change (work is force exerted on an object causing it to move a distance)
Vocabulary Terms - Energy energy the ability to do work or cause change (work is force exerted on an object causing it to move a distance) heat Heat is a form of energy that flows between two substances
More informationNeuron Structure. Why? Model 1 Parts of a Neuron. What are the essential structures that make up a neuron?
Why? Neuron Structure What are the essential structures that make up a neuron? Cells are specialized for different functions in multicellular organisms. In animals, one unique kind of cell helps organisms
More informationQUESTION? Communication between neurons depends on the cell membrane. Why is this so?? Consider the structure of the membrane.
QUESTION? Communication between neurons depends on the cell membrane Why is this so?? Consider the structure of the membrane. ECF ICF Possible ANSWERS?? Membrane Ion Channels and Receptors: neuron membranes
More informationElectromagnetic Waves
4/15/12 Chapter 26: Properties of Light Field Induction Ok, so a changing magnetic field causes a current (Faraday s law) Why do we have currents in the first place? electric fields of the charges Changing
More informationCHEMICAL SENSES Smell (Olfaction) and Taste
CHEMICAL SENSES Smell (Olfaction) and Taste Peter Århem Department of Neuroscience SMELL 1 Olfactory receptor neurons in olfactory epithelium. Size of olfactory region 2 Number of olfactory receptor cells
More informationPurpose: Perception, Movement, Learning, Memory, Thinking, Communication Functions:
Nervous System Purpose: Perception, Movement, Learning, Memory, Thinking, Communication Functions: Sensory Input: Obtaining stimulation from the environment (light, heat, pressure, vibration, chemical,
More informationCh 8: Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties, Part 1
Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM Ch 8: Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties, Part 1 Objectives: Describe the Cells of the NS Explain the creation and propagation of an electrical signal in a nerve
More informationAdaptation in the Neural Code of the Retina
Adaptation in the Neural Code of the Retina Lens Retina Fovea Optic Nerve Optic Nerve Bottleneck Neurons Information Receptors: 108 95% Optic Nerve 106 5% After Polyak 1941 Visual Cortex ~1010 Mean Intensity
More information2401 : Anatomy/Physiology
Dr. Chris Doumen Week 6 2401 : Anatomy/Physiology Action Potentials NeuroPhysiology TextBook Readings Pages 400 through 408 Make use of the figures in your textbook ; a picture is worth a thousand words!
More informationUniversality of sensory-response systems
excite.org(anism): Electrical Signaling Universality of sensory-response systems Three step process: sensation-integration-response Bacterial chemotaxis Madigan et al. Fig. 8.24 Rick Stewart (CBMG) Human
More information