According to the diagram, which of the following is NOT true?

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1 Instructions: Review Chapter 44 on muscular-skeletal systems and locomotion, and then complete the following Blackboard activity. This activity will introduce topics that will be covered in the next few lectures and will provide the background knowledge required to fully understand muscle structure and function, which will be covered in the next exam. 1) According to the diagram, which of the following is NOT true? a) Blood vessels and nerves run through each muscle b) A single muscle cell is also called a myofibril c) A fascicle is composed of many muscle fibers d) Many myofibrils compose a single muscle cell e) Tendons connect muscles to bones to allow for movement

2 2) Muscles are made up of many muscle fibers, and within each muscle fiber, bundles of myofibrils are present. Myofibrils are composed of subunits of muscle called sarcomeres. Sarcomeres line up end to end in a long chain, shown below. Sarcomere Sarcomere Sarcomere Sarcomere The ends of each sarcomere pull towards each other during contraction, as indicated by the arrows in the following diagram. Below is a simplified diagram of a myofibril before and after contraction. Which of the following statements is true? a) Each sarcomere shortens during contraction b) The entire length of the myofibril shortens during contraction c) Only the sarcomeres at the end of the myofibril shorten d) Both a and b e) None of the above

3 3) Actin and myosin are the major proteins that constitute the myofibril. The interactions of these two proteins within each sarcomere cause the muscle to shorten. Actin is a small round protein that links with other actin molecules in a long chain to form what is called a thin filament. Actin molecule Thin filament = a long chain of actin molecules Myosin is a long protein with a head on it. Many of these myosin proteins are linked together in a bundle with the heads pointing out, forming what is called a thick filament. Myosin molecule Thick filament = a bundle of myosin molecules Thick and thin filaments are arranged within the sarcomere such that they can interact in an organized fashion and result in muscle contraction. This arrangement is shown below. Which of the following is true of the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments within a myofibril? a) Thin filaments are attached to the end walls of the sarcomere b) Thin filaments extend the entire way across the sarcomere c) Thin filaments traverse the sarcomere center but do not reach the end walls d) Thick filaments are attached to the end walls of the sarcomere e) Thick filaments run towards the center from each side of the sarcomere, leaving a gap in the middle

4 4) The thick and thin filaments are arranged in a repeating pattern running the length of the myofibril. This results in a banding pattern, which can be seen when we look at a muscle cell. The name of each band, line, and zone of the sarcomere is diagrammed below. Please match each of these terms with its respective description. 1) Z line a) portions of thin filaments that do not overlap thick filaments (3) 2) M line b) proteins linking the central regions of adjacent thick filaments (2) 3) I band c) the space between sets of thin filaments where only thick filaments are present (5) 4) A band d) the boundary wall of a sarcomere (1) 5) H zone e) the dark band caused by the presence of thick filaments (4)

5 5) During contraction, the myosin heads in the thick filaments bind to the actin molecules in the thin filaments, pulling the thin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere (i.e. M line). Sites where myosin can bind to the actin run the entire length of the overlap between the thick and thin filaments. The myosin heads bind and release many times, each time shortening the muscle myofibril even more. Below is a diagram of a myofibril when relaxed and when contracted. Which of the following does NOT happen during a muscle contraction? a) b) c) d) e) the I band shortens the myosin heads pull the thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere the A band stays the same length the sarcomere shortens in length the thick and the thin filaments shorten

6 6) Which of the following muscles is in a more relaxed state? a) A b) B

7 7) Tropomyosin and troponin are two other proteins found in small quantities in muscle. They help regulate muscle contraction by regulating how actin and myosin cross-link with each other. Troponin is a globular protein associated with the thin filaments and binds to actin molecules. Tropomyosin is a long, rod-shaped protein that extends between and binds to molecules of troponin. In a relaxed muscle, troponin is bound to actin and the tropomyosin is positioned to block the myosin binding sites on actin, thus preventing myosin from cross-bridging and inhibiting muscle contraction. Troponin is capable of binding to Ca2+, however, which changes the shape of troponin and allows tropomyosin to move away from the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. This allows cross-bridging to occur and muscle contraction to proceed. Why is Ca2+ necessary for muscle contraction to occur?

8 a) it provides the energy for the myosin power stroke b) it binds to the troponin complex to move it away from the myosin binding sites on actin c) it binds to both actin and myosin to connect them by a cross-bridge d) it separates the actin filaments allowing more myosin to bind

9 8) Below is a description of how the interactions between myosin and actin actually cause the muscle fibers to shorten. A more detailed description of these steps can be found on page 925 in your textbook. 1) Binding: When Ca 2+ concentrations in the muscle cell increase, actin s binding sites are open. Each myosin head has two binding sites, one for actin and one for ATP. When myosin binds to actin, myosin has ADP and P i bound to it, which are the products from the previous muscle contraction that used ATP as energy. 2) Power stroke: Myosin releases P i, causing the cross-bridge to move. This power stroke moves the actin filament toward the H zone, bringing the ends of the thin filaments closer together and shortening the sarcomere. ADP is the released from myosin. 3) Detaching: ATP binds to myosin, causing the cross-bridge to detach from the actin filament 4) Resetting: ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP + P i providing energy for the myosin to return to its original position. If Ca 2+ concentrations are still high, the myosin will repeat this cycle, further shortening the muscle fiber. Many cycles of this are required for a muscle contraction to occur. What would happen if ATP were depleted? a) Myosin could not bind actin b) Myosin could not perform a power stroke c) Myosin could not release from actin d) Actin would not bind to Ca 2+ e) The ATP binding site on myosin would be empty

10 9) True or False: A single power stroke by each myosin head is sufficient for a muscle to contract a) True b) False

11 10) Ca2+ is required by the muscle cell to allow for contraction, but where does this Ca2+ come from? Muscle cells are surrounded by what is called a sarcoplasmic reticulum. The sarcoplasmic reticulum acts as a reservoir for Ca2+, which when stimulated by a signal from the nervous system, will release the Ca2+ into the myofibril and cause the muscle to contract. Transverse tubules (abbreviated T-tubules), are invaginations of the plasma membrane that run around each myofibril to conduct action potentials from the outer surface of the muscle fiber to the inside of the myofibrils. An action potential causes the opening of Ca2+ channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca2+ then flows into the cytosol, binds to troponin, and initiates muscle contraction. Contraction continues until Ca2+ is actively pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ATP-dependent ion pumps. What will cause a muscle contraction end? a) b) c) d) e) the T-tubule quits conducting an action potential the sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps Ca2+ from the cytosol the cell runs out of energy Ca2+ concentrations in the cell return to resting level all of the above

12 11) The nervous system is responsible for the signals that result in muscle contraction and movement. Motor neurons project their axons outside of the central nervous system and communicate with muscle fibers at neuromuscular junctions, seen in the diagram below. The terminals of these axons contain synaptic vesicles filled with the acetylcholine (Ach). When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal, it releases Ach, which crosses the synaptic cleft and then binds to receptors in the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber. Just as what happens in nerve cells, the muscle fiber depolarizes and sends an action potential down its membrane and through the t-tubules to initiate muscle contraction. After ACh binds to the receptors in the muscle fiber plasma membrane, Na + floods into the muscle fiber. Why? a) Na + signals for the muscle fiber to quit binding to ACh b) Na + is a part of the ACh molecule that broke off inside the cell c) Na + is so small that it is always diffusing across the cell membrane d) Na + depolarizes the cell membrane to initiate and action potential e) Na + signals for ACh to be removed from the synaptic cleft by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase

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