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1 Systematics & phylogenomics of the marine red algal class Florideophyceae from west Pacific Ocean Showe-Mei Lin 1*, Li-Chia Liu 1, Chien-Ming Chen 2 Tsang-Huang Shih 2 & Tun-Wen Pai 2 1 Institute of Marine Biology 2 Department of Computer Science & Engineering National Taiwan Ocean University
2 Seaweed applications as foods Greens: Ulva, Caulerpa Browns: Laminaria, Sargassum Reds: Gelidium Porphyra Gracilaria Grateloupia Eucheuma/Beta- phycus Gelidium (from Seaweeds eeds net of Taiwan ) an ) n.idv.tw/ & com/
3 Biofuels/bioethenols Gracilaria firma (W. Taiwan) Sargassum (E. Taiwan) Ulva (W. Taiwan)
4 Other applications Alcohol drinks Health foods Cosmetic & Makeup Medicine & antivirus i drugs Algal fluo-protein cake Info source: Taiwan sfisheries Research Institute From: rugbyball.myweb.hinet.net/scpo/image/cake2.gif
5 The diversity of seaweeds in Taiwan Ti Taiwan, bisected by the tropic of Cancer, both tropical and subtropical ; High diversity of marine macroalgae: Greens:~ :~110 spp. Browns:~ :~90 spp. Reds: : ~400 spp. ~ 600 species in total Petercladiella Dictyota Eucheuma Caulerpa
6 Marine flora in N.E. Taiwan Keelung (Spring marine flora) 海膜 Dermonema Porphyra Halymenia ceylanica
7 What are red algae? Absence any flagellate stages; Accessory photosynthetic pigments phycobilins; Presence of pit plugs; Unique sexual reproductive structures carpogonia & carposporophytes (From Graham et al. 2009) Spermatangia (Lin & Hommersand 2007) (Lin et al. 2004)
8 Origins of red algae - evolved from cyanobacteria-like ancestors based on the endosymbiosis theory. (Adopt from Delwiche 1999)
9 Unique features of red algae Cytokinensis i ( 細胞質分裂 ) Animal cell Pit tpugs( plugs 蛋白質孔連結 ) Plant cell
10 Red algae from southern Taiwan Corallines (calcified red algae) Zellera tawallina Kappaphycus Gracilaria edulis
11 Triphases of Life Cycle History
12 Systematics of red algae C mparative cyst Comparative cystocarp carp devel development pment Subfamily Delesserioideae Subfamily Phycodryoideae Subfamily Nitophylloideae Lin et al. (2001): three-subfamily system
13 Systematics of red algae - DNA sequence analyses s Lin et al. (2001): three-subfamily system
14 Why we need many gene sequences for red algal systematics?
15 Whittaker s five kingdom system Plantae were mostly multicellular autotrophs t Animalia multicellular heterotrophs Fungi multicellular saprotrophs, that is nitrogen-rich rich sources; Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies. Based on differences in nutrition browns greens (Evolution 2007 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press)
16 Tree of Life Three Domains Woese (1977) defined Archaea by phylogenetic hl taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA
17 Phylogenomic approaches :phylogenetic analysis of genome-wide sets of conserved genes Red algae 2 nd endosymbiosis of the red algal lineage Koonin EV: The origin & early evolution of eukaryotes in the light of phylogenomics. Genome Biology 2010, 11:209.
18 Direct vs. Indirect cystocarp development (Lin et al. 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2011)
19 rbcl phylogeny of foliose Graicilaria from Taiwan G. huangi
20 Genome information of Gracilaria 1. Chromosome number (1N) ca Genome size unknown ( Mb estimated based on a similar genus Chondrus); 3. ca. 10,000 coding genes (1N). Blade-form Terete-form From Yabu & Yamamoto (1988)
21 Future works 1) To complete the characterization of three transcriptomes t of Gracilaria i (Solexa datasets); t 2) To complete searching conserved genes as single copy for phylogenomic studies; 3) Functional analyses: i.e. life history, cell division, floridean starch (related to glycogen), ontology development related pathway etc 4) To perform another 454 run for G. spinulosa (suggested from the Solexa data, but depending upon if any research funding available); 5) Speciation machenism from a genome-wide comparison among the species with different types of cystocarp development.
22 Acknowledgments National Science Council (Taiwan, R.O.C.) Center of Excellence for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology (NTOU) Seaweed Lab members at Institute of Seaweed Lab members at Institute of Marine Biology (NTOU)
23 Thanks for your attention
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