Physics Learning Objectives

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1 Physics Learning Objectives Learning Objective Physics AP Physics 1 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE AND PHYSICS 1.1 Physics: An Introduction Explain the difference between a principle and a law., 1.1. Explain the difference between a model and a theory., 1. Physical Quantities and Units 1..1 Perform unit conversions both in the SI and English units., 1.. Explain the most common prefixes in the SI units and be able to write them in scientific notation., 1.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Determine the appropriate number of significant figures in both addition and subtraction, as well as multiplication and division calculations., 1.3. Calculate the percent uncertainty of a measurement., 1.4 Approximation Make reasonable approximations based on given data., KINEMATICS.1 Displacement.1.1 Define position, displacement, distance, and distance traveled..1. Explain the relationship between position and displacement..1.3 Distinguish between displacement and distance traveled..1.4 Calculate displacement and distance given initial position, final position, and the path between the two.. Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems..1 Define and distinguish between scalar and vector quantities... Assign a coordinate system for a scenario involving one-dimensional motion..3 Time, Velocity, and Speed.3.1 Explain the relationships between instantaneous velocity, average velocity, instantaneous speed, average speed, displacement, and time..3. Calculate velocity and speed given initial position, initial time, final position, and final time..3.3 Derive a graph of velocity vs. time given a graph of position vs. time..3.4 Interpret a graph of velocity vs. time..4 Acceleration.4.1 Define and distinguish between instantaneous acceleration, average acceleration, and deceleration..4. Calculate acceleration given initial time, initial velocity, final time, and final velocity..5 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension.5.1 Calculate displacement of an object that is not accelerating, given initial position and velocity..5. Calculate final velocity of an accelerating object, given initial velocity, acceleration, and time..5.3 Calculate displacement and final position of an accelerating object, given initial position, initial velocity, time, and acceleration..6 Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics.6.1 Apply problem-solving steps and strategies to solve problems of one-dimensional kinematics..6. Apply strategies to determine whether or not the result of a problem is reasonable, and if not, determine the cause..7 Falling Objects.7.1 Describe the effects of gravity on objects in motion..7. Describe the motion of objects that are in free fall. Original Draft Page 1 of Willis High School

2 .7.3 Calculate the position and velocity of objects in free fall..8 Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion.8.1 Describe a straight-line graph in terms of its slope and y-intercept..8. Determine average velocity or instantaneous velocity from a graph of position vs. time..8.3 Determine average or instantaneous acceleration from a graph of velocity vs. time..8.4 Derive a graph of velocity vs. time from a graph of position vs. time..8.5 Derive a graph of acceleration vs. time from a graph of velocity vs. time. 3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS 3.1 Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction Observe that motion in two dimensions consists of horizontal and vertical components Understand the independence of horizontal and vertical vectors in two-dimensional motion. 3. Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods 3..1 Understand the rules of vector addition, subtraction, and multiplication., 3.. Apply graphical methods of vector addition and subtraction to determine the displacement of moving objects., 3.3 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods Understand the rules of vector addition and subtraction using analytical methods., 3.3. Apply analytical methods to determine vertical and horizontal component vectors Apply analytical methods to determine the magnitude and direction of a resultant vector., 3.4 Projectile Motion Identify and explain the properties of a projectile, such as acceleration due to gravity, range, maximum height, and trajectory Determine the location and velocity of a projectile at different points in its trajectory Apply the principle of independence of motion to solve projectile motion problems. 3.5 Addition of Velocities Apply principles of vector addition to determine relative velocity Explain the significance of the observer in the measurement of velocity. 4 DYNAMICS: FORCE AND NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION 4.1 Development of Force Concept Understand the definition of force. 4. Newton s First Law of Motion: Inertia 4..1 Define mass and inertia. 4.. Understand Newton's first law of motion. 4.3 Newton s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System Define net force, external force, and system Understand Newton s second law of motion Apply Newton s second law to determine the weight of an object. 4.4 Newton s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces Understand Newton's third law of motion Apply Newton's third law to define systems and solve problems of motion. 4.5 Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces Define normal and tension forces Apply Newton's laws of motion to solve problems involving a variety of forces Use trigonometric identities to resolve weight into components. 4.6 Problem-Solving Strategies Physics Learning Objectives Page of Willis High School

3 4.6.1 Understand and apply a problem-solving procedure to solve problems using Newton's laws of motion., 4.7 Further Applications of Newton s Laws of Motion Apply problem-solving techniques to solve for quantities in more complex systems of forces., 4.7. Integrate concepts from kinematics to solve problems using Newton's laws of motion., 4.8 Extended Topic: The Four Basic Forces An Introduction Understand the four basic forces that underlie the processes in nature., 5 FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON'S LAWS 5.1 Friction Discuss the general characteristics of friction Describe the various types of friction Calculate the magnitude of static and kinetic friction. 5. Drag Forces 5..1 Express mathematically the drag force. 5.. Discuss the applications of drag force Define terminal velocity Determine the terminal velocity given mass. 5.3 Elasticity: Stress and Strain State Hooke s law Explain Hooke s law using graphical representation between deformation and applied force Discuss the three types of deformations such as changes in length, sideways shear and changes in volume Describe with examples the young s modulus, shear modulus and bulk modulus Determine the change in length given mass, length and radius. 6 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION AND GRAVITATION 6.1 Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity Define arc length, rotation angle, radius of curvature and angular velocity Calculate the angular velocity of a car wheel spin. 6. Centripetal Acceleration 6..1 Establish the expression for centripetal acceleration. 6.. Explain the centrifuge. 6.3 Centripetal Force Calculate coefficient of friction on a car tire Calculate ideal speed and angle of a car on a turn. 6.4 Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force Discuss the inertial frame of reference Discuss the non-inertial frame of reference Describe the effects of the Coriolis force. 6.5 Newton s Universal Law of Gravitation Explain Earth s gravitational force Describe the gravitational effect of the Moon on Earth Discuss weightlessness in space Examine the Cavendish experiment 6.6 Satellites and Kepler s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity State Kepler s laws of planetary motion Derive the third Kepler s law for circular orbits Discuss the Ptolemaic model of the universe. Physics Learning Objectives Page 3 of Willis High School

4 7 WORK, ENERGY, AND ENERGY RESOURCES 7.1 Work: The Scientific Definition Explain how an object must be displaced for a force on it to do work Explain how relative directions of force and displacement determine whether the work done is positive, negative, or zero. 7. Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem 7..1 Explain work as a transfer of energy and net work as the work done by the net force. 7.. Explain and apply the work-energy theorem. 7.3 Gravitational Potential Energy Explain gravitational potential energy in terms of work done against gravity Show that the gravitational potential energy of an object of mass m at height h on Earth is given by PEg = mgh Show how knowledge of the potential energy as a function of position can be used to simplify calculations and explain physical phenomena. 7.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy Define conservative force, potential energy, and mechanical energy Explain the potential energy of a spring in terms of its compression when Hooke s law applies Use the work-energy theorem to show how having only conservative forces implies conservation of mechanical energy. 7.5 Nonconservative Forces Define nonconservative forces and explain how they affect mechanical energy Show how the principle of conservation of energy can be applied by treating the conservative forces in terms of their potential energies and any nonconservative forces in terms of the work they do. 7.6 Conservation of Energy Explain the law of the conservation of energy Describe some of the many forms of energy Define efficiency of an energy conversion process as the fraction left as useful energy or work, rather than being transformed, for example, into thermal energy., 7.7 Power Calculate power by calculating changes in energy over time Examine power consumption and calculations of the cost of energy consumed. 7.8 Work, Energy, and Power in Humans Explain the human body s consumption of energy when at rest vs. when engaged in activities that do useful work Calculate the conversion of chemical energy in food into useful work. 7.9 World Energy Use Describe the distinction between renewable and nonrenewable energy sources Explain why the inevitable conversion of energy to less useful forms makes it necessary to conserve energy resources. 8 LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS 8.1 Linear Momentum and Force Define linear momentum Explain the relationship between momentum and force State Newton s second law of motion in terms of momentum Calculate momentum given mass and velocity. 8. Impulse 8..1 Define impulse. 8.. Describe effects of impulses in everyday life. Physics Learning Objectives Page 4 of Willis High School

5 8..3 Determine the average effective force using graphical representation Calculate average force and impulse given mass, velocity, and time. 8.3 Conservation of Momentum Describe the principle of conservation of momentum Derive an expression for the conservation of momentum Explain conservation of momentum with examples Explain the principle of conservation of momentum as it relates to atomic and subatomic particles. 8.4 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension Describe an elastic collision of two objects in one dimension Define internal kinetic energy Derive an expression for conservation of internal kinetic energy in a one dimensional collision Determine the final velocities in an elastic collision given masses and initial velocities. 8.5 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension Define inelastic collision Explain perfectly inelastic collision Apply an understanding of collisions to sports Determine recoil velocity and loss in kinetic energy given mass and initial velocity. 8.6 Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions Discuss two dimensional collisions as an extension of one dimensional analysis Define point masses Derive an expression for conservation of momentum along x-axis and y-axis Describe elastic collisions of two objects with equal mass Determine the magnitude and direction of the final velocity given initial velocity, and scattering angle Introduction to Rocket Propulsion State Newton s third law of motion Explain the principle involved in propulsion of rockets and jet engines Derive an expression for the acceleration of the rocket Discuss the factors that affect the rocket s acceleration Describe the function of a space shuttle. 9 STATICS AND TORQUE 9.1 The First Condition for Equilibrium State the first condition of equilibrium Explain static equilibrium Explain dynamic equilibrium The Second Condition for Equilibrium 9..1 State the second condition that is necessary to achieve equilibrium Explain torque and the factors on which it depends Describe the role of torque in rotational mechanics Stability State the types of equilibrium Describe stable and unstable equilibriums Describe neutral equilibrium. 9.4 Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies Discuss the applications of Statics in real life State and discuss various problem-solving strategies in Statics Simple Machines Describe different simple machines. Physics Learning Objectives Page 5 of Willis High School

6 9.5. Calculate the mechanical advantage. 9.6 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints Explain the forces exerted by muscles State how a bad posture causes back strain Discuss the benefits of skeletal muscles attached close to joints Discuss various complexities in the real system of muscles, bones, and joints. 10 ROTATIONAL MOTION AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM 10.1 Angular Acceleration Describe uniform circular motion Explain non-uniform circular motion Calculate angular acceleration of an object Observe the link between linear and angular acceleration Kinematics of Rotational Motion Observe the kinematics of rotational motion Derive rotational kinematic equations Evaluate problem solving strategies for rotational kinematics Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia Understand the relationship between force, mass and acceleration Study the turning effect of force Study the analogy between force and torque, mass and moment of inertia, and linear acceleration and angular acceleration Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited Derive the equation for rotational work Calculate rotational kinetic energy Demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Energy Angular Momentum and Its Conservation Understand the analogy between angular momentum and linear momentum Observe the relationship between torque and angular momentum Apply the law of conservation of angular momentum Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions Observe collisions of extended bodies in two dimensions Examine collision at the point of percussion Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum Describe the right-hand rule to find the direction of angular velocity, momentum, and torque Explain the gyroscopic effect Study how Earth acts like a gigantic gyroscope. 11 FLUID STATICS 11.1 What Is a Fluid? State the common phases of matter Explain the physical characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases Describe the arrangement of atoms in solids, liquids, and gases. 11. Density Define density Calculate the mass of a reservoir from its density Compare and contrast the densities of various substances Pressure Define pressure Explain the relationship between pressure and force Calculate force given pressure and area. Physics Learning Objectives Page 6 of Willis High School

7 11.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid Define pressure in terms of weight Explain the variation of pressure with depth in a fluid Calculate density given pressure and altitude Pascal s Principle Define pressure State Pascal s principle Understand applications of Pascal s principle Derive relationships between forces in a hydraulic system Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement Define gauge pressure and absolute pressure Understand the working of aneroid and open-tube barometers Archimedes Principle Define buoyant force State Archimedes principle Understand why objects float or sink Understand the relationship between density and Archimedes principle Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action Understand cohesive and adhesive forces Define surface tension Understand capillary action Pressures in the Body Explain the concept of pressure the in human body Explain systolic and diastolic blood pressures Describe pressures in the eye, lungs, spinal column, bladder, and skeletal system. 1 FLUID DYNAMICS 1.1 Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity Calculate flow rate Define units of volume Describe incompressible fluids Explain the consequences of the equation of continuity. 1. Bernoulli s Equation 1..1 Explain the terms in Bernoulli s equation. 1.. Explain how Bernoulli s equation is related to conservation of energy Explain how to derive Bernoulli s principle from Bernoulli s equation Calculate with Bernoulli s principle List some applications of Bernoulli s principle. 1.3 The Most General Applications of Bernoulli s Equation Calculate using Torricelli s theorem Calculate power in fluid flow. 1.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille s Law Define laminar flow and turbulent flow Explain what viscosity is Calculate flow and resistance with Poiseuille s law Explain how pressure drops due to resistance. 1.5 The Onset of Turbulence Calculate Reynolds number Use the Reynolds number for a system to determine whether it is laminar or turbulent. Physics Learning Objectives Page 7 of Willis High School

8 1.6 Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid Calculate the Reynolds number for an object moving through a fluid Explain whether the Reynolds number indicates laminar or turbulent flow Describe the conditions under which an object has a terminal speed. 1.7 Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes Define diffusion, osmosis, dialysis, and active transport Calculate diffusion rates. 13 TEMPERATURE AND KINETIC THEORY 13.1 Temperature Define temperature Convert temperatures between the Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales Define thermal equilibrium State the zeroth law of thermodynamics. 13. Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids Define and describe thermal expansion Calculate the linear expansion of an object given its initial length, change in temperature, and coefficient of linear expansion Calculate the volume expansion of an object given its initial volume, change in temperature, and coefficient of volume expansion Calculate thermal stress on an object given its original volume, temperature change, volume change, and bulk modulus The Ideal Gas Law State the ideal gas law in terms of molecules and in terms of moles Use the ideal gas law to calculate pressure change, temperature change, volume change, or the number of molecules or moles in a given volume Use Avogadro s number to convert between number of molecules and number of moles Kinetic Theory Express the ideal gas law in terms of molecular mass and velocity Define thermal energy Calculate the kinetic energy of a gas molecule, given its temperature Describe the relationship between the temperature of a gas and the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules Describe the distribution of speeds of molecules in a gas 13.5 Phase Changes Interpret a phase diagram State Dalton s law Identify and describe the triple point of a gas from its phase diagram Describe the state of equilibrium between a liquid and a gas, a liquid and a solid, and a gas and a solid Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling Explain the relationship between vapor pressure of water and the capacity of air to hold water vapor Explain the relationship between relative humidity and partial pressure of water vapor in the air Calculate vapor density using vapor pressure Calculate humidity and dew point. 14 HEAT AND HEAT TRANSFER METHODS 14.1 Heat Define heat as transfer of energy. Physics Learning Objectives Page 8 of Willis High School

9 14. Temperature Change and Heat Capacity Observe heat transfer and change in temperature and mass Calculate final temperature after heat transfer between two objects Phase Change and Latent Heat Examine heat transfer Calculate final temperature from heat transfer Heat Transfer Methods Discuss the different methods of heat transfer Conduction Calculate thermal conductivity Observe conduction of heat in collisions Study thermal conductivities of common substances Convection Discuss the method of heat transfer by convection Radiation Discuss heat transfer by radiation Explain the power of different materials. 15 THERMODYNAMICS 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics Define the first law of thermodynamics Describe how conservation of energy relates to the first law of thermodynamics Identify instances of the first law of thermodynamics working in everyday situations, including biological metabolism Calculate changes in the internal energy of a system, after accounting for heat transfer and work done. 15. The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes Describe the processes of a simple heat engine Explain the differences among the simple thermodynamic processes isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic Calculate total work done in a cyclical thermodynamic process Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics State the expressions of the second law of thermodynamics Calculate the efficiency and carbon dioxide emission of a coal-fired electricity plant, using second law characteristics Describe and define the Otto cycle Carnot s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated Identify a Carnot cycle Calculate maximum theoretical efficiency of a nuclear reactor Explain how dissipative processes affect the ideal Carnot engine Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators Describe the use of heat engines in heat pumps and refrigerators Demonstrate how a heat pump works to warm an interior space Explain the differences between heat pumps and refrigerators Calculate a heat pump s coefficient of performance Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Define entropy Calculate the increase of entropy in a system with reversible and irreversible processes Explain the expected fate of the universe in entropic terms Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Physics Learning Objectives Page 9 of Willis High School

10 Identify probabilities in entropy Analyze statistical probabilities in entropic systems. 16 OSCILLATORY MOTION AND WAVES 16.1 Hooke s Law: Stress and Strain Revisited Explain Newton s third law of motion with respect to stress and deformation Describe the restoration of force and displacement Calculate the energy in Hook s Law of deformation, and the stored energy in a string Period and Frequency in Oscillations Observe the vibrations of a guitar string Determine the frequency of oscillations Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion Describe a simple harmonic oscillator Explain the link between simple harmonic motion and waves The Simple Pendulum Measure acceleration due to gravity Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator Determine the maximum speed of an oscillating system Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion Compare simple harmonic motion with uniform circular motion Damped Harmonic Motion Compare and discuss underdamped and overdamped oscillating systems Explain critically damped system Forced Oscillations and Resonance Observe resonance of a paddle ball on a string Observe amplitude of a damped harmonic oscillator Waves State the characteristics of a wave Calculate the velocity of wave propagation Superposition and Interference Explain standing waves Describe the mathematical representation of overtones and beat frequency Energy in Waves: Intensity Calculate the intensity and the power of rays and waves PHYSICS OF HEARING 17.1 Sound Define sound and hearing Describe sound as a longitudinal wave Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength Define pitch Describe the relationship between the speed of sound, its frequency, and its wavelength Describe the effects on the speed of sound as it travels through various media Describe the effects of temperature on the speed of sound Sound Intensity and Sound Level Define intensity, sound intensity, and sound pressure level Calculate sound intensity levels in decibels (db) Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms Define Doppler effect, Doppler shift, and sonic boom Calculate the frequency of a sound heard by someone observing Doppler shift. 1 Physics Learning Objectives Page 10 of Willis High School

11 Describe the sounds produced by objects moving faster than the speed of sound Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns Define antinode, node, fundamental, overtones, and harmonics Identify instances of sound interference in everyday situations Describe how sound interference occurring inside open and closed tubes changes the characteristics of the sound, and how this applies to sounds produced by musical 1 instruments Calculate the length of a tube using sound wave measurements Hearing Define hearing, pitch, loudness, timbre, note, tone, phon, ultrasound, and infrasound Compare loudness to frequency and intensity of a sound Identify structures of the inner ear and explain how they relate to sound perception Ultrasound Define acoustic impedance and intensity reflection coefficient Describe medical and other uses of ultrasound technology Calculate acoustic impedance using density values and the speed of ultrasound Calculate the velocity of a moving object using Doppler-shifted ultrasound. 18 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD 18.1 Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge Define electric charge, and describe how the two types of charge interact. 1, Describe three common situations that generate static electricity. 1, State the law of conservation of charge. 1, 18. Conductors and Insulators Define conductor and insulator, explain the difference, and give examples of each. 1, 18.. Describe three methods for charging an object. 1, Explain what happens to an electric force as you move farther from the source. 1, Define polarization Coulomb s Law State Coulomb s law in terms of how the electrostatic force changes with the distance between two objects. 1, Calculate the electrostatic force between two charged point forces, such as electrons or protons. 1, Compare the electrostatic force to the gravitational attraction for a proton and an electron; for a human and the Earth. 1, 18.4 Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited Describe a force field and calculate the strength of an electric field due to a point charge. 1, Calculate the force exerted on a test charge by an electric field Explain relationship between electrical force (F) on a test charge and electrical field strength (E) Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges Calculate the total force (magnitude and direction) exerted on a test charge from more than one charge Describe an electric field diagram of a positive point charge; of a negative point charge with twice the magnitude of positive charge Draw the electric field lines between two points of the same charge; between two points of opposite charge Electric Forces in Biology Describe how a water molecule is polar Explain electrostatic screening by a water molecule within a living cell. Physics Learning Objectives Page 11 of Willis High School

12 18.7 Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium List the three properties of a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium Explain the effect of an electric field on free charges in a conductor Explain why no electric field may exist inside a conductor Describe the electric field surrounding Earth Explain what happens to an electric field applied to an irregular conductor Describe how a lightning rod works Explain how a metal car may protect passengers inside from the dangerous electric fields caused by a downed line touching the car Applications of Electrostatics Name several real-world applications of the study of electrostatics. 19 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND ELECTRIC FIELD 19.1 Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference Define electric potential and electric potential energy Describe the relationship between potential difference and electrical potential energy Explain electron volt and its usage in submicroscopic process Determine electric potential energy given potential difference and amount of charge. 19. Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field Describe the relationship between voltage and electric field Derive an expression for the electric potential and electric field Calculate electric field strength given distance and voltage Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge Explain point charges and express the equation for electric potential of a point charge Distinguish between electric potential and electric field Determine the electric potential of a point charge given charge and distance Equipotential Lines Explain equipotential lines and equipotential surfaces Describe the action of grounding an electrical appliance Compare electric field and equipotential lines Capacitors and Dielectrics Describe the action of a capacitor and define capacitance Explain parallel plate capacitors and their capacitances Discuss the process of increasing the capacitance of a dielectric Determine capacitance given charge and voltage Capacitors in Series and Parallel Derive expressions for total capacitance in series and in parallel Identify series and parallel parts in the combination of connection of capacitors Calculate the effective capacitance in series and parallel given individual capacitances Energy Stored in Capacitors List some uses of capacitors Express in equation form the energy stored in a capacitor Explain the function of a defibrillator. 0 ELECTRIC CURRENT, RESISTANCE, AND OHM S LAW 0.1 Current Define electric current, ampere, and drift velocity 1, 0.1. Describe the direction of charge flow in conventional current. 1, Use drift velocity to calculate current and vice versa. 1, Physics Learning Objectives Page 1 of Willis High School

13 0. Ohm s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits 0..1 Explain the origin of Ohm s law. 1, 0.. Calculate voltages, currents, or resistances with Ohm s law. 1, 0..3 Explain what an ohmic material is. 1, 0..4 Describe a simple circuit. 1, 0.3 Resistance and Resistivity Explain the concept of resistivity. 1, 0.3. Use resistivity to calculate the resistance of specified configurations of material. 1, Use the thermal coefficient of resistivity to calculate the change of resistance with temperature. 0.4 Electric Power and Energy Calculate the power dissipated by a resistor and power supplied by a power supply. 1, 0.4. Calculate the cost of electricity under various circumstances. 1, 0.5 Alternating Current versus Direct Current Explain the differences and similarities between AC and DC current Calculate rms voltage, current, and average power Explain why AC current is used for power transmission. 0.6 Electric Hazards and the Human Body Define thermal hazard, shock hazard, and short circuit. 1, 0.6. Explain what effects various levels of current have on the human body. 1, 0.7 Nerve Conduction Electrocardiograms Explain the process by which electric signals are transmitted along a neuron Explain the effects myelin sheaths have on signal propagation Explain what the features of an ECG signal indicate. 1 CIRCUITS, BIOELECTRICITY, AND DC INSTRUMENTS 1.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel Draw a circuit with resistors in parallel and in series. 1, 1.1. Calculate the voltage drop of a current across a resistor using Ohm s law. 1, Contrast the way total resistance is calculated for resistors in series and in parallel. 1, Explain why total resistance of a parallel circuit is less than the smallest resistance of any of the resistors in that circuit. 1, Calculate total resistance of a circuit that contains a mixture of resistors connected in series and in parallel. 1, 1. Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage 1..1 Compare and contrast the voltage and the electromagnetic force of an electric power source. 1, 1.. Describe what happens to the terminal voltage, current, and power delivered to a load as internal resistance of the voltage source increases (due to aging of batteries, 1, for example) Explain why it is beneficial to use more than one voltage source connected in parallel. 1, 1.3 Kirchhoff s Rules Analyze a complex circuit using Kirchhoff s rules, using the conventions for determining the correct signs of various terms. 1, 1.4 DC Voltmeters and Ammeters Explain why a voltmeter must be connected in parallel with the circuit. 1, 1.4. Draw a diagram showing an ammeter correctly connected in a circuit. 1, Describe how a galvanometer can be used as either a voltmeter or an ammeter. 1, Find the resistance that must be placed in series with a galvanometer to allow it to be used as a voltmeter with a given reading. 1, Explain why measuring the voltage or current in a circuit can never be exact. 1, Physics Learning Objectives Page 13 of Willis High School

14 1.5 Null Measurements Explain why a null measurement device is more accurate than a standard voltmeter or ammeter Demonstrate how a Wheatstone bridge can be used to accurately calculate the resistance in a circuit. 1.6 DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors Explain the importance of the time constant, τ, and calculate the time constant for a given resistance and capacitance Explain why batteries in a flashlight gradually lose power and the light dims over time Describe what happens to a graph of the voltage across a capacitor over time as it charges Explain how a timing circuit works and list some applications Calculate the necessary speed of a strobe flash needed to stop the movement of an object over a particular length. MAGNETISM.1 Magnets.1.1 Describe the difference between the north and south poles of a magnet..1. Describe how magnetic poles interact with each other.. Ferromagnets and Electromagnets..1 Define ferromagnet... Describe the role of magnetic domains in magnetization...3 Explain the significance of the Curie temperature...4 Describe the relationship between electricity and magnetism..3 Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines.3.1 Define magnetic field and describe the magnetic field lines of various magnetic fields..4 Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field.4.1 Describe the effects of magnetic fields on moving charges..4. Use the right hand rule 1 to determine the velocity of a charge, the direction of the magnetic field, and the direction of the magnetic force on a moving charge..4.3 Calculate the magnetic force on a moving charge..5 Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications.5.1 Describe the effects of a magnetic field on a moving charge..5. Calculate the radius of curvature of the path of a charge that is moving in a magnetic field..6 The Hall Effect.6.1 Describe the Hall effect..6. Calculate the Hall emf across a current-carrying conductor..7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor.7.1 Describe the effects of a magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor..7. Calculate the magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor..8 Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters.8.1 Describe how motors and meters work in terms of torque on a current loop..8. Calculate the torque on a current-carrying loop in a magnetic field..9 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Ampere s Law.9.1 Calculate current that produces a magnetic field..9. Use the right hand rule to determine the direction of current or the direction of magnetic field loops..10 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors.10.1 Describe the effects of the magnetic force between two conductors. Physics Learning Objectives Page 14 of Willis High School

15 .10. Calculate the force between two parallel conductors..11 More Applications of Magnetism.11.1 Describe some applications of magnetism. 3 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 3.1 Induced emf and Magnetic Flux Calculate the flux of a uniform magnetic field through a loop of arbitrary orientation Describe methods to produce an electromotive force (emf) with a magnetic field or magnet and a loop of wire. 3. Faraday s Law of Induction: Lenz s Law 3..1 Calculate emf, current, and magnetic fields using Faraday s Law. 3.. Explain the physical results of Lenz s Law 3.3 Motional emf Calculate emf, force, magnetic field, and work due to the motion of an object in a magnetic field. 3.4 Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping Explain the magnitude and direction of an induced eddy current, and the effect this will have on the object it is induced in Describe several applications of magnetic damping. 3.5 Electric Generators Calculate the emf induced in a generator Calculate the peak emf which can be induced in a particular generator system. 3.6 Back emf Explain what back emf is and how it is induced. 3.7 Transformers Explain how a transformer works Calculate voltage, current, and/or number of turns given the other quantities Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices Explain how various modern safety features in electric circuits work, with an emphasis on how induction is employed. 3.9 Inductance Calculate the inductance of an inductor Calculate the energy stored in an inductor Calculate the emf generated in an inductor RL Circuits Calculate the current in an RL circuit after a specified number of characteristic time steps Calculate the characteristic time of an RL circuit Sketch the current in an RL circuit over time Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive Sketch voltage and current versus time in simple inductive, capacitive, and resistive circuits Calculate inductive and capacitive reactance Calculate current and/or voltage in simple inductive, capacitive, and resistive circuits. 3.1 RLC Series AC Circuits Calculate the impedance, phase angle, resonant frequency, power, power factor, voltage, and/or current in a RLC series circuit Draw the circuit diagram for an RLC series circuit Explain the significance of the resonant frequency. 4 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 4.1 Maxwell s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed Physics Learning Objectives Page 15 of Willis High School

16 4.1.1 Restate Maxwell s equations. 4. Production of Electromagnetic Waves 4..1 Describe the electric and magnetic waves as they move out from a source, such as an AC generator. 4.. Explain the mathematical relationship between the magnetic field strength and the electrical field strength Calculate the maximum strength of the magnetic field in an electromagnetic wave, given the maximum electric field strength. 4.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum List three rules of thumb that apply to the different frequencies along the electromagnetic spectrum Explain why the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave Draw a simplified electromagnetic spectrum, indicating the relative positions, frequencies, and spacing of the different types of radiation bands List and explain the different methods by which electromagnetic waves are produced across the spectrum. 4.4 Energy in Electromagnetic Waves Explain how the energy and amplitude of an electromagnetic wave are related Given its power output and the heating area, calculate the intensity of a microwave oven s electromagnetic field, as well as its peak electric and magnetic field strengths. 5 GEOMETRIC OPTICS 5.1 The Ray Aspect of Light List the ways by which light travels from a source to another location. 5. The Law of Reflection 5..1 Explain reflection of light from polished and rough surfaces. 5.3 The Law of Refraction Determine the index of refraction, given the speed of light in a medium. 5.4 Total Internal Reflection Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection Describe the workings and uses of fiber optics Analyze the reason for the sparkle of diamonds. 5.5 Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms Explain the phenomenon of dispersion and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. 5.6 Image Formation by Lenses List the rules for ray tracking for thin lenses Illustrate the formation of images using the technique of ray tracking Determine power of a lens given the focal length. 5.7 Image Formation by Mirrors Illustrate image formation in a flat mirror Explain with ray diagrams the formation of an image using spherical mirrors Determine focal length and magnification given radius of curvature, distance of object and image. 6 VISION AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 6.1 Physics of the Eye 6.1. Explain why peripheral images lack detail and color Define refractive indices Analyze the accommodation of the eye for distant and near vision. 6. Vision Correction 6..1 Identify and discuss common vision defects. Physics Learning Objectives Page 16 of Willis High School

17 6.. Explain nearsightedness and farsightedness corrections Explain laser vision correction. 6.3 Color and Color Vision Explain the simple theory of color vision Outline the coloring properties of light sources Describe the retinex theory of color vision. 6.4 Microscopes Investigate different types of microscopes Learn how image is formed in a compound microscope. 6.5 Telescopes Outline the invention of a telescope Describe the working of a telescope. 6.6 Aberrations Describe optical aberration. 7 WAVE OPTICS 7.1 The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference Discuss the wave character of light Identify the changes when light enters a medium. 7. Huygens's Principle: Diffraction 7..1 Discuss the propagation of transverse waves. 7.. Discuss Huygens s principle Explain the bending of light. 7.3 Young s Double Slit Experiment Explain the phenomena of interference Define constructive interference for a double slit and destructive interference for a double slit. 7.4 Multiple Slit Diffraction Discuss the pattern obtained from diffraction grating Explain diffraction grating effects. 7.5 Single Slit Diffraction Discuss the single slit diffraction pattern. 7.6 Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion Discuss the Rayleigh criterion. 7.7 Thin Film Interference Discuss the rainbow formation by thin films. 7.8 Polarization Discuss the meaning of polarization Discuss the property of optical activity of certain materials. 7.9 *Extended Topic* Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light Discuss the different types of microscopes. 8 SPECIAL RELATIVITY 8.1 Einstein s Postulates State and explain both of Einstein s postulates Explain what an inertial frame of reference is Describe one way the speed of light can be changed. 8. Simultaneity and Time Dilation 8..1 Describe simultaneity. 8.. Describe time dilation Calculate γ. Physics Learning Objectives Page 17 of Willis High School

18 8..4 Compare proper time and the observer s measured time Explain why the twin paradox is a false paradox. 8.3 Length Contraction Describe proper length Calculate length contraction Explain why we don t notice these effects at everyday scales. 8.4 Relativistic Addition of Velocities Calculate relativistic velocity addition Explain when relativistic velocity addition should be used instead of classical addition of velocities Calculate relativistic Doppler shift. 8.5 Relativistic Momentum Calculate relativistic momentum Explain why the only mass it makes sense to talk about is rest mass. 8.6 Relativistic Energy Compute total energy of a relativistic object Compute the kinetic energy of a relativistic object Describe rest energy, and explain how it can be converted to other forms Explain why massive particles cannot reach C. 9 QUANTUM PHYSICS 9.1 Quantization of Energy Explain Max Planck s contribution to the development of quantum mechanics Explain why atomic spectra indicate quantization. 9. The Photoelectric Effect 9..1 Describe a typical photoelectric-effect experiment. 9.. Determine the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons ejected by photons of one energy or wavelength, when given the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons for a different photon energy or wavelength. 9.3 Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Explain the relationship between the energy of a photon in joules or electron volts and its wavelength or frequency Calculate the number of photons per second emitted by a monochromatic source of specific wavelength and power. 9.4 Photon Momentum Relate the linear momentum of a photon to its energy or wavelength, and apply linear momentum conservation to simple processes involving the emission, absorption, or reflection of photons Account qualitatively for the increase of photon wavelength that is observed, and explain the significance of the Compton wavelength. 9.5 The Particle-Wave Duality Explain what the term particle-wave duality means, and why it is applied to EM radiation. 9.6 The Wave Nature of Matter Describe the Davisson-Germer experiment, and explain how it provides evidence for the wave nature of electrons. 9.7 Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Use both versions of Heisenberg s uncertainty principle in calculations Explain the implications of Heisenberg s uncertainty principle for measurements. 9.8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed Explain the concept of particle-wave duality, and its scope. Physics Learning Objectives Page 18 of Willis High School

19 30 ATOMIC PHYSICS 30.1 Discovery of the Atom Describe the basic structure of the atom, the substructure of all matter. 30. Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei Describe how electrons were discovered Explain the Millikan oil drop experiment Describe Rutherford s gold foil experiment Describe Rutherford s planetary model of the atom Bohr s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom Describe the mysteries of atomic spectra Explain Bohr s theory of the hydrogen atom Explain Bohr s planetary model of the atom Illustrate energy state using the energy-level diagram Describe the triumphs and limits of Bohr s theory X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications Define x-ray tube and its spectrum Show the x-ray characteristic energy Specify the use of x rays in medical observations Explain the use of x rays in CT scanners in diagnostics Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations Define and discuss fluorescence Define metastable Describe how laser emission is produced Explain population inversion Define and discuss holography The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization Explain Bohr s model of atom Define and describe quantization of angular momentum Calculate the angular momentum for an orbit of atom Define and describe the wave-like properties of matter Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization State and discuss the Zeeman effect Define orbital magnetic field Define orbital angular momentum Define space quantization Quantum Numbers and Rules Define quantum number Calculate angle of angular momentum vector with an axis Define spin quantum number The Pauli Exclusion Principle Define the composition of an atom along with its electrons, neutrons, and protons Explain the Pauli exclusion principle and its application to the atom Specify the shell and subshell symbols and their positions Define the position of electrons in different shells of an atom State the position of each element in the periodic table according to shell filling. 31 NUCLEAR PHYSICS 31.1 Nuclear Radioactivity Explain nuclear radiation Explain the types of radiation alpha emission, beta emission, and gamma emission. Physics Learning Objectives Page 19 of Willis High School