Measurement, Models, and Analysis p. 1 Measurements and Models p. 2 Back to the Future: Echoes of the Big Bang p. 6 Units and Standards of

Transcription

1 Measurement, Models, and Analysis p. 1 Measurements and Models p. 2 Back to the Future: Echoes of the Big Bang p. 6 Units and Standards of Measurement p. 7 Unit Conversions p. 11 Measurements, Calculations, and Uncertainties p. 12 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations p. 15 How to Study Physics p. 18 Problem Solving p. 19 Motion in One Dimension p. 25 Reference Frames, Coordinate Systems, and Displacement p. 26 Average Speed and Average Velocity p. 29 Graphical Interpretation of Velocity p. 33 Instantaneous Velocity p. 36 Acceleration p. 40 Motion with Constant Acceleration p. 44 Galileo and Free Fall p. 48 Back to the Future: Galileo and Experimental Science p. 53 Solving Quadratic Equations p. 62 Motion in Two Dimensions p. 63 Vectors p. 64 Addition of Vectors p. 65 Resolution of Vectors p. 68 Relative Velocity in One Dimension p. 72 Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions p. 73 Kinematics in Two Dimensions p. 78 Projectile Motion p. 81 Review of Trigonometry p. 94 Force and Motion p. 96 Events Leading to Newton's Principia p. 97 What Is a Force? p. 98 Back to the Future: The Writing of the Principia p. 99 Newton's First Law--Inertia p. 103 Newton's Second Law p. 105 Weight p. 109 Newton's Third Law p. 112 Some Applications of Newton's Laws p. 116 Friction p. 123 Physics in Practice: The Friction of Automobile Tires p. 127 Static Equilibrium p. 128 The Laws of Motion as a Whole p. 132

2 Solving Simultaneous Equations p. 143 Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation p. 145 Uniform Circular Motion p. 146 Force Needed for Circular Motion p. 152 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion p. 157 The Law of Universal Gravitation p. 160 Back to the Future: Johannes Kepler p. 161 The Universal Gravitational Constant G p. 164 Gravitational Field Strength p. 166 Back to the Future: Henry Cavendish and the Density of the Earth p. 167 Work and Energy p. 176 Work p. 177 Work Done by a Varying Force p. 179 Energy p. 181 Kinetic Energy p. 182 Potential Energy p. 185 Conservation of Mechanical Energy p. 189 Energy Conservation with Nonconservative Forces p. 197 Power p. 199 Physics in Practice: Human Energy p. 202 Linear Momentum p. 210 Linear Momentum p. 211 Impulse p. 211 Newton's Laws and the Conservation of Momentum p. 214 Conservation of Momentum in One-Dimensional Collisions p. 216 Conservation of Momentum in Two- and Three-Dimensional Collisions p. 221 Changing Mass p. 225 Applying the Conservation Laws p. 234 Definition of Elastic Collisions p. 235 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension p. 236 Elastic Collisions in Two Dimensions p. 242 General Form of Gravitational Potential Energy p. 245 Physics in Practice: Symmetry and Conservation Laws p. 246 Motion in a Gravitational Potential p. 250 Escape Speed p. 252 Rigid Bodies and Rotational Motion p. 263 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration p. 264 Rotational Kinematics p. 267 Torque p. 269 Static Equilibrium p. 272 Elasticity: Stress and Strain p. 278

3 Physics in Practice: Bridges p. 280 Torque and Moment of Inertia p. 282 Angular Momentum p. 286 Conservation of Angular Momentum p. 287 Rotational Kinetic Energy p. 291 Conservation of Energy: Translations and Rotations p. 293 Physics in Practice: The Earth, the Moon, and the Tides p. 296 Fluids p. 307 Hydrostatic Pressure p. 308 Pascal's Principle p. 312 Archimedes' Principle p. 315 Physics in Practice: Measuring Blood Pressure p. 316 Surface Tension p. 320 Fluid Flow: Streamlines and the Equation of Continuity p. 322 Physics in Practice: Surface Tension and the Lungs p. 323 Bernoulli's Equation p. 324 Viscosity and Poiseuille's Law p. 327 Stokes's Law and Terminal Speed p. 329 Physics in Practice: How Airplanes Fly p. 330 Turbulent Flow p. 333 Thermal Physics p. 344 Temperature and States of Matter p. 345 Thermometry p. 346 Back to the Future: Fahrenheit's Thermometer p. 349 Thermal Expansion p. 350 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat p. 354 Calorimetry p. 356 Change of Phase p. 360 Heat Transfer p. 363 Gas Laws and Kinetic Theory p. 373 The Pressure of Air p. 374 Boyle's Law p. 376 Back to the Future: Gas Laws and Balloons p. 378 The Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac p. 379 The Ideal Gas Law p. 381 The Kinetic Theory of Gases p. 384 The Kinetic-Theory Definition of Temperature p. 388 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas p. 389 The Barometric Formula and the Distribution of Molecular Speeds p. 390 The Exponential Function p. 400 Thermodynamics p. 403

4 Thermal Equilibrium p. 404 The First Law of Thermodynamics p. 405 The Carnot Cycle and the Efficiency of Engines p. 410 Physics in Practice: Gasoline Engines p. 416 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps p. 417 The Second Law of Thermodynamics p. 421 Entropy and the Second Law p. 422 Energy and Thermal Pollution p. 426 Periodic Motion p. 434 Hooke's Law p. 435 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator p. 438 Energy of a Harmonic Oscillator p. 442 Period of a Harmonic Oscillator p. 444 The Simple Pendulum p. 447 Damped Harmonic Motion p. 449 Physics in Practice: Walking and Running p. 450 Forced Harmonic Motion and Resonance p. 453 Waves and Sound p. 463 Pulses on a Rope p. 464 Harmonic Waves p. 465 Energy and Information Transfer by Waves p. 467 Sound Waves p. 468 Measuring Sound Levels p. 472 The Doppler Effect p. 474 Physics in Practice: Room Acoustics p. 475 Formation of a Shock Wave p. 478 Reflection of a Wave Pulse p. 479 Standing Waves on a String p. 480 Waves in a Vibrating Column of Air p. 486 Beats p. 487 Physics in Practice: Hearing and the Ear p. 488 Electric Charge and Electric Field p. 495 Electric Charge p. 496 Coulomb's Law p. 499 Superposition of Electric Forces p. 503 The Electric Field p. 505 Superposition of Electric Fields p. 508 Electric Flux and Gauss's Law p. 510 A Quantitative Approach to Gauss's Law p. 513 The Electric Dipole p. 516 Physics in Practice: Dipoles and Microwave Ovens p. 519

5 Electric Potential and Capacitance p. 526 Electric Potential p. 527 The Van de Graaff Electrostatic Generator p. 533 The Electron Volt p. 535 Equipotential Surfaces p. 536 Back to the Future: The Leyden Jar and Franklin's Kite p. 538 Capacitors p. 539 The Parallel-Plate Capacitor p. 540 Electric Field of a Parallel-Plate Capacitor p. 542 Dielectrics p. 545 Energy Storage in a Capacitor p. 548 Electric Current and Resistance p. 557 Electric Current and Electromotive Force p. 558 Electric Resistance and Ohm's Law p. 561 Resistivity p. 563 Power and Energy in Electric Circuits p. 565 Physics in Practice: Superconductivity p. 566 Short Circuits and Open Circuits p. 571 Kirchhoff's Rules and Simple Resistive Circuits p. 572 Applications of Kirchhoff's Rules p. 576 Capacitors in Combination p. 578 Internal Resistance of a Battery p. 581 Home Power Distribution p. 583 Physics in Practice: Electric Shock p. 586 Magnetism p. 594 Magnets and Magnetic Fields p. 595 Oersted's Discovery: Electric Current Produces Magnetism p. 597 Physics in Practice: Magnetic Resonance Imaging p. 601 Magnetic Forces on Electric Currents p. 602 Magnetic Forces on Moving Charged Particles p. 603 The Cyclotron p. 607 Magnetic Field Due to a Current-Carrying Wire p. 609 Torque on a Current Loop p. 612 Galvanometers, Ammeters, and Voltmeters p. 614 Ampere's Law p. 616 Magnetic Materials p. 618 Electromagnetic Induction p. 628 Faraday's Law p. 629 Motional Emf p. 633 Generators and Motors p. 635 The Transformer p. 640

6 Inductance p. 642 Energy Storage in a Magnetic Field p. 644 The Experimental Laws of Electromagnetism p. 645 Maxwell's Equations p. 647 Physics in Practice: Linear Accelerators for Radiation Therapy p. 649 Electromagnetic Waves p. 650 Alternating-Current Circuits p. 661 The RL Circuit p. 662 The RC Circuit p. 664 Effective Values of Alternating Current p. 667 Physics in Practice: Electrocardiography p. 669 Reactance p. 670 The RLC Series Circuit p. 673 Resonant Circuits p. 676 Geometrical Optics p. 683 Models of Light: Rays and Waves p. 684 Reflection and Refraction p. 685 Back to the Future: The Speed of Light p. 686 Total Internal Reflection p. 691 Fiber Optics p. 693 Thin Lenses p. 694 Locating Images by Ray Tracing p. 696 The Thin-Lens Equation p. 701 Spherical Mirrors p. 707 Lens Aberrations p. 711 Optical Instruments p. 721 The Eye p. 722 The Magnifying Glass p. 725 Cameras and Projectors p. 728 Compound Microscopes p. 732 Telescopes p. 734 Other Lenses p. 736 Back to the Future: Development of the Telescope p. 737 Wave Optics p. 745 Huygens' Principle p. 746 Reflection and Refraction of Light Waves p. 747 Interference of Light p. 749 Interference of Thin Films p. 755 Diffraction by a Single Slit p. 759 Multiple-Slit Diffraction and Gratings p. 762 Resolution and the Rayleigh Criterion p. 764

7 Dispersion p. 768 Spectroscopes and Spectra p. 770 Polarization p. 772 Scattering p. 775 Relativity p. 784 Principle of Relativity p. 785 Einstein's Postulates of Special Relativity p. 786 Velocity Addition p. 787 Back to the Future: Albert Einstein p. 788 Simultaneity p. 791 Time Dilation p. 794 Length Contraction p. 797 Physics in Practice: The Twin Paradox p. 798 Mass and Energy p. 799 Physics in Practice: The Appearance of Moving Objects p. 800 Relativistic Momentum p. 802 Relativisitic Kinetic Energy p. 805 The Relativistic Doppler Effect p. 807 The Principle of Equivalence p. 809 General Relativity p. 813 The Discovery of Atomic Structure p. 822 Evidence of Atoms from Solids and Gases p. 823 Electrolysis and the Quantization of Charge p. 826 Avogadro's Number and the Periodic Table p. 827 The Size of Atoms p. 830 Crystals and X-Ray Diffraction p. 832 Discovery of the Electron p. 835 Back to the Future: Seeing Atoms p. 839 Radioactivity p. 840 Radioactive Decay p. 841 Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus p. 844 Origins of the Quantum Theory p. 852 Spectroscopy p. 853 Balmer's Series p. 855 Back to the Future: Fraunhofer and the Solar Spectrum p. 856 Blackbody Radiation p. 858 The Photoelectric Effect p. 861 Physics in Practice: Photons and Vision p. 866 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom p. 867 Successes of the Bohr Theory p. 870 Moseley and the Periodic Table p. 872

8 Quantum Mechanics p. 879 Classical and Quantum Mechanics p. 880 The Compton Effect p. 882 De Broglie Waves p. 885 Back to the Future: Electron Microscopes p. 888 Schrodinger's Equation p. 889 The Uncertainty Principle p. 890 Interpretation of the Wave Function p. 893 The Particle in a Box p. 896 Tunneling or Barrier Penetration p. 897 Wave Theory of the Hydrogen Atom p. 898 The Zeeman Effect and Space Quantization p. 901 The Pauli Exclusion Principle p. 904 Understanding the Periodic Table p. 905 The Nucleus p. 912 Radioactivity p. 913 Chadwick's Discovery of the Neutron p. 913 Composition and Size of the Nucleus p. 916 Nuclear Forces and Binding Energy p. 918 Conservation Rules: Radioactive and Nuclear Stability p. 921 Natural Radioactive Decay Series p. 924 Models for Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay p. 924 Detectors of Radiation p. 928 Radiation Measurement and Biological Effects p. 931 Induced Transmutation and Reactions p. 935 Nuclear Fission p. 938 Back to the Future: Lisa Meitner and Nuclear Fission p. 942 Nuclear Fusion p. 943 Lasers, Holography, and Color p. 949 Stimulated Emission of Light p. 950 Lasers p. 951 The Helium-Neon Laser p. 953 Properties of Laser Light p. 955 Holography p. 957 Light and Color p. 962 Physics in Practice: White-Light Holograms p. 963 Color by Addition and Subtraction p. 965 Condensed Matter p. 973 Types of Condensed Matter p. 974 The Free-Electron Model of Metals p. 977 Physics in Practice: Liquid Crystal Displays p. 978

9 Electrical Conductivity and Ohm's Law p. 981 Band Theory of Solids p. 984 Pure Semiconductors p. 987 The Hall Effect p. 988 Impure Semiconductors p. 990 The pnjunction p. 991 Rectifier Circuits p. 993 Solar Cells and Light-Emitting Diodes p. 996 Elementary Particle Physics p Particles and Antiparticles p Pions and the Strong Nuclear Force p Back to the Future: Cosmic Rays p More and More Particles p Accelerators and Detectors p Classification of Elementary Particles p The Quark Model of Matter p Unified Theories p Cosmology p Appendices Formulas from Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry p. 1 The International System of Units p. 4 Alphabetical List of Elements p. 5 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems p. 6 Photo Credits p. 1 Index p. 1 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.