Contents PART ONE. To access a particular chapter, double click on that chapter below.

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1 To access a particular chapter, double click on that chapter below. Contents Preface A Special Note to the Student Computer Assisted Instruction PART ONE Mechanics 1 Introduction and Measurements 1.1 Historical Background 1.2 The Realm of Physics 1.3 Physics Is a Science of Measurement 1.4 The Fundamental Quantities 1.5 The Standard of Length 1.6 The Standard of Mass 1.7 The Standard of Time 1.8 The Standard of Electrical Charge 1.9 Systems of Units 1.10 Conversion Factors 1.11 Derived Quantities 1.12 Measurements, Significant Figures and Propagation of Errors Questions and Problems for Chapter 1 2 Kinematics In One Dimension 2.1 Kinematics - The Study of Motion 2.2 Experimental Description of a Moving Body 2.3 A Body Moving at Constant Velocity 2.4 A Body Moving at Constant Acceleration 2.5 The Instantaneous Velocity of a Moving Body 2.6 The Kinematic Equations 2.7 The Freely Falling Body 2.8 Determination of Your Reaction Time by a Freely Falling Body 2.9 Projectile Motion in One Dimension 2.10 The Calculus and Kinematics Kinematics and Traffic Congestion Questions for Chapter 2 Hints for Problem Solving Problems for Chapter 2 3 Vectors 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Displacement 3.3 Vector Algebra--The Addition of Vectors 3.4 Vector Subtraction--The Negative of a Vector 3.5 Addition of Vectors by the Polygon Method 3.6 Resolution of a Vector into Its Components 3.7 Determination of a Vector from Its Components 3.8 Unit Vectors 3.9 The Addition of Vectors by the Component Method 3.10 The Multiplication of Vectors 3.11 The Scalar Product or Dot Product 3.12 The Vector Product or Cross Product Questions and Problems for Chapter 3 vii

2 4 Kinematics in Two Dimensions 4.1 The Kinematic Equations in Vector Form 4.2 Projectile Motion in Two Dimensions 4.3 The Calculus and Kinematics in Two Dimensions 4.4 Uniform Circular Motion 4.5 Centripetal Acceleration and its Direction 4.6 Angles Measured in Radians 4.7 The Magnitude of the Centripetal Acceleration 4.8 Nonuniform Circular Motion Questions and Problems for Chapter 4 5 Newton's Laws of Motion 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Newton's First Law of Motion 5.3 Newton's Third Law of Motion 5.4 Newton's Second Law of Motion 5.5 Applications of Newton's Second Law The Physics in Sports Questions and Problems for Chapter 5 6 Newton's Laws with Friction, and Circular Motion 6.1 Friction 6.2 Applications of Newton s Second Law Taking Friction into Account 6.3 A Falling Body With Air Resistance 6.4 The Centripetal Force 6.5 The Centrifugal Force 6.6 Examples of Centripetal Force Questions and Problems for Chapter 6 7 Energy and Its Conservation 7.1 Energy 7.2 Work 7.3 Work Done by a Variable Force 7.4 Power 7.5 Potential Energy 7.6 Kinetic Energy 7.7 The Conservation of Energy 7.8 Further Analysis of the Conservation of Energy The Great Pyramids Questions and Problems for Chapter 7 8 Momentum and Its Conservation 8.1 Momentum 8.2 The Law of Conservation of Momentum 8.3 Examples of the Law of Conservation of Momentum 8.4 Impulse 8.5 Collisions in One Dimension 8.6 Collisions in Two Dimensions--Glancing Collisions 8.7 The Center of Mass 8.8 Systems With Variable Mass - The Rocket Questions and Problems for Chapter 8 viii

3 9 Rotational Motion 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Rotational Kinematics 9.3 The Kinetic Energy of Rotation 9.4 The Moment of Inertia 9.5 The Concept of Torque 9.6 Newton's Laws for Rotational Motion 9.7 Rotational Dynamics 9.8 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation 9.9 Combined Translational and Rotational Motion Treated by the Law of Conservation of Energy 9.10 Work in Rotational Motion Attitude Control of Airplanes and Spaceships Questions and Problems for Chapter 9 10 Gravitation - Planetary and Satellite Motion 10.1 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation 10.2 The Acceleration Due to Gravity and Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation 10.3 Variation of the Acceleration Due to Gravity 10.4 Acceleration Due to Gravity on the Moon and on Other Planets 10.5 Generalization of the Formulation for the Gravitational Potential Energy 10.6 Planetary Motion 10.7 Satellite Motion 10.8 Space Travel Questions and Problems for Chapter Equilibrium 11.1 The First Condition of Equilibrium 11.2 The Second Condition of Equilibrium 11.3 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body 11.4 Examples of Rigid Bodies in Equilibrium Traction Questions and Problems for Chapter 11 PART TWO Vibratory Motion, Wave Motion, and Fluids 12 Elasticity 12.1 The Atomic Nature of Elasticity 12.2 Hooke's Law--Stress and Strain 12.3 Hooke's Law for a Spring 12.4 Elasticity of Shape--Shear 12.5 Elasticity of Volume Questions and Problems for Chapter Simple Harmonic Motion 13.1 Introduction to Periodic Motion 13.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 13.3 Analysis of Simple Harmonic Motion--The Reference Circle 13.4 Conservation of Energy and the Vibrating Spring ix

4 13.5 The Simple Pendulum 13.6 Springs in Parallel and in Series Questions and Problems for Chapter Wave Motion 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Mathematical Representation of a Wave 14.3 The Speed of a Transverse Wave on a String 14.4 Reflection of a Wave at a Boundary 14.5 The Principle of Superposition 14.6 Standing Waves--The String 14.7 Sound Waves 14.8 The Doppler Effect 14.9 The Transmission of Energy in a Wave and the Intensity of a Wave The Production and Reception of Human Sound Questions and Problems for Chapter Fluids 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Density 15.3 Pressure 15.4 Pascal's Principle 15.5 Archimedes' Principle 15.6 The Equation of Continuity 15.7 Bernoulli's Theorem 15.8 Application of Bernoulli's Theorem The Flow of Blood in the Human Body Questions and Problems for Chapter 15 PART THREE Thermodynamics 16 Temperature and Heat 16.1 Temperature 16.2 Heat 16.3 Specific Heat 16.4 Calorimetry 16.5 Change of Phase Questions and Problems for Chapter Thermal Expansion and the Gas Laws 17.1 Linear Expansion of Solids 17.2 Area Expansion of Solids 17.3 Volume Expansion of Solids and Liquids 17.4 Volume Expansion of Gases: Charles' Law 17.5 Gay-Lussac's Law 17.6 Boyle's Law 17.7 The Ideal Gas Law 17.8 The Kinetic Theory of Gases Relative Humidity and the Cooling of the Human Body Questions and Problems for Chapter Heat Transfer 18.1 Heat Transfer x

5 18.2 Convection 18.3 Conduction 18.4 Radiation The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming Questions and Problems for Chapter Thermodynamics 19.1 Introduction 19.2 The Concept of Work Applied to a Thermodynamic System 19.3 Heat Added to or Removed from a Thermodynamic System 19.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 19.5 Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics 19.6 The Gasoline Engine 19.7 The Ideal Heat Engine 19.8 The Carnot Cycle 19.9 The Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy Statistical Interpretation of Entropy Meteorology--The Physics of the Atmosphere Questions and Problems for Chapter 19 PART FOUR Electricity and Magnetism 20 Electrostatics 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Separation of Electric Charge by Rubbing 20.3 Atomic Structure 20.4 Measurement of Electric Charge 20.5 Coulomb's Law 20.6 Multiple Discrete Charges 20.7 Forces Caused by a Continuous Distribution of Charge Questions and Problems for Chapter Electric Fields 21.1 The Electric Field 21.2 The Electric Field of a Point Charge 21.3 Superposition of Electric Fields for Multiple Discrete Charges 21.4 The Electric Field along the Perpendicular Bisector of an Electric Dipole 21.5 The Torque on a Dipole in an External Electric Field 21.6 Electric Fields of Continuous Charge Distributions 21.7 The Electric Field on Axis of a Charged Rod 21.8 The Electric Field on Axis for a Ring of Charge 21.9 The Electric Field on Axis for a Disk of Charge Dynamics of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field Questions and Problems for Chapter Electric Flux and Gauss s Law 22.1 Introduction xi

6 22.2 Electric Flux 22.3 Gauss s Law for Electricity 22.4 The Electric Field of a Spherically Symmetric Uniform Charge Distribution 22.5 The Electric Field of an Infinite Line of Charge 22.6 The Electric Field of an Infinite Plane Sheet of Charge 22.7 The Electric Field Inside a Conducting Body 22.8 The Electric Field Between Two Oppositely Charged Parallel Conducting Plates Questions and Problems for Chapter The Electric Potential 23.1 Potential Energy 23.2 The Electric Potential and the Potential Difference 23.3 Generalization of the Formulation for the Potential Difference 23.4 The Potential of a Positive Point Charge 23.5 Superposition of Potentials for Multiple Discrete Charges 23.6 The Potential of an Electric Dipole 23.7 The Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field 23.8 The Potential for a Continuous Distribution of Charge 23.9 The Potential on Axis for a Charged Rod The Potential on Axis for a Ring of Charge The Potential on Axis for a Disk of Charge The Battery - Source of Potential Differences Questions and Problems for Chapter Electric Currents and DC Circuits 24.1 Electric Current 24.2 Ohm's Law 24.3 Resistivity 24.4 The Variation of Resistance with Temperature 24.5 Conservation of Energy and the Electric Circuit--Power Expended in a Circuit 24.6 Resistors in Series 24.7 Resistors in Parallel 24.8 Combinations of Resistors in Series and Parallel 24.9 The Electromotive Force and the Internal Resistance of a Battery Making an Ammeter and Voltmeter from a Galvanometer The Wheatstone Bridge Kirchhoff's Rules Questions and Problems for Chapter Capacitance 25.1 Introduction 25.2 The Parallel Plate Capacitor 25.3 The Cylindrical Capacitor 25.4 The Spherical Capacitor 25.5 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 25.6 Capacitors in Series 25.7 Capacitors in Parallel 25.8 Combinations of Capacitors in Series and Parallel 25.9 Capacitors with Dielectrics Placed between the Plates Atomic Description of a Dielectric Charging and Discharging a xii

7 Capacitor Questions and Problems for Chapter Magnetism 26.1 The Force on a Charge in a Magnetic Field--The Definition of the Magnetic Field B 26.2 Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in an External Magnetic Field 26.3 Force on a Semicircular Wire Carrying a Current in an External Magnetic Field 26.4 Generation of a Magnetic Field 26.5 The Biot-Savart Law 26.6 The Magnetic Field at the Center of a Circular Current Loop 26.7 Magnetic Field on Axis for a Circular Current Loop 26.8 Ampère's Circuital Law 26.9 The Magnetic Field Around a Long Straight Wire by Ampere s Law Force between Parallel, Current - Carrying Conductors--The Definition of the Ampere The Magnetic Field Inside a Solenoid Magnetic Field Inside a Toroid Torque on a Current Loop in an External Magnetic Field--The Magnetic Dipole Moment Applications of the Torque on a Current Loop in an External Magnetic Field Permanent Magnets and Atomic Magnets The Potential Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in an External Magnetic Field Magnetic Flux Gauss s Law for Magnetism Questions and Problems for Chapter Electromagnetic Induction 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Motional emf and Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction 27.3 Lenz's Law 27.4 The Induced emf in a Rotating Loop of Wire in a Magnetic Field -- Alternating emf s and the AC Generator 27.5 Mutual Induction 27.6 Self-Induction 27.7 The Energy Stored in the Magnetic Field of an Inductor 27.8 Comparison of the Electrostatic Field and the Induced Electric Field 27.9 Generalization of Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction Questions and Problems for Chapter Alternating Current Circuits 28.1 Introduction 28.2 The Effective Current and Voltage in an AC Circuit 28.3 An RLC Series Circuit 28.4 Resonance in an RLC Series Circuit 28.5 Power in an AC Circuit 28.6 An RLC Parallel Circuit 28.7 The Transformer Metal Detectors at Airports xiii

8 Questions and Problems for Chapter Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves 29.1 Introduction 29.2 The Displacement Current and Ampère's Law 29.3 Ampere s Law with the Displacement Current Term 29.4 Faraday s Law Revisited 29.5 Maxwell s Equations in Integral Form 29.6 Electromagnetic Waves 29.7 The Production of an Electromagnetic Wave--An Oscillating Dipole 29.8 The Propagation of an Electromagnetic Wave 29.9 The Speed of an Electromagnetic Wave The Electromagnetic Spectrum Energy Transmitted by an Electromagnetic Wave Questions and Problems for Chapter 29 PART FIVE Light and Optics 30 The Law of Reflection 30.1 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave 30.2 The Law of Reflection 30.3 The Plane Mirror 30.4 The Concave Spherical Mirror 30.5 The Convex Spherical Mirror Questions and Problems for Chapter The Law of Refraction 31.1 Refraction 31.2 The Law of Refraction 31.3 Apparent Depth of an Object Immersed in Water 31.4 Refraction through Parallel Faces 31.5 Total Internal Reflection 31.6 Dispersion 31.7 Thin Lenses 31.8 Ray Tracing and the Standard Rays 31.9 The Lens Equation Some Special Cases for the Convex Lens Combinations of Lenses Thin Lenses in Contact Optical Instruments Nature's Camera--The Human Eye Questions and Problems for Chapter Physical Optics 32.1 Introduction 32.2 The Interference of Light--Young s Double-Slit Experiment 32.3 The Interference of Light--The Michelson Interferometer 32.4 Interference--Thin Films 32.5 Diffraction from a Single Slit 32.6 The Diffraction Grating Questions and Problems for Chapter 32 xiv

9 PART SIX Modern Physics 33 Special Relativity 33.1 Introduction to Relative Motion 33.2 The Galilean Transformations of Classical Physics 33.3 The Invariance of the Mechanical Laws of Physics under a Galilean Transformation 33.4 Electromagnetism and the Ether 33.5 The Michelson-Morley Experiment 33.6 The Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity 33.7 The Lorentz Transformation 33.8 The Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contraction 33.9 Time Dilation Transformation of Velocities The Law of Conservation of Momentum and Relativistic Mass The Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy Questions and Problems for Chapter Spacetime and General Relativity 34.1 Spacetime Diagrams 34.2 The Invariant Interval 34.3 The General Theory of Relativity 34.4 The Bending of Light in a Gravitational Field 34.5 The Advance of the Perihelion of the Planet Mercury 34.6 The Gravitational Red Shift 34.7 The Shapiro Experiment The Black Hole Questions and Problems for Chapter Quantum Physics 35.1 The Particle Nature of Waves 35.2 Blackbody Radiation 35.3 The Photoelectric Effect 35.4 The Properties of the Photon 35.5 The Compton Effect 35.6 The Wave Nature of Particles 35.7 The Wave Representation of a Particle 35.8 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 35.9 Different Forms of the Uncertainty Principle The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and Virtual Particles The Gravitational Red Shift by the Theory of Quanta An Accelerated Clock Questions and Problems for Chapter Atomic Physics 36.1 The History of the Atom 36.2 The Bohr Theory of the Atom 36.3 The Bohr Theory and Atomic Spectra 36.4 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Hydrogen Atom 36.5 The Magnetic Moment of the Hydrogen Atom 36.6 The Zeeman Effect 36.7 Electron Spin 36.8 The Pauli Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table of the Elements xv

10 Is This World Real or Just an Illusion? Questions and Problems for Chapter Nuclear Physics 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Nuclear Structure 37.3 Radioactive Decay Law 37.4 Forms of Radioactivity 37.5 Radioactive Series 37.6 Energy in Nuclear Reactions 37.7 Nuclear Fission 37.8 Nuclear Fusion 37.9 Nucleosynthesis Radioactive Dating Questions and Problems for Chapter 37 The Big Bang Theory and the Creation of the Universe Questions and Problems for Chapter 38 Epilogue E-1 Appendix A Conversion Factors Appendix B Useful Mathematical Formulas Appendix C Table of Integrals Appendix D Physical Constants Appendix E Table of the Elements Appendix F Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Bibliography 38 Elementary Particle Physics and the Unification of the Forces 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Particles and Antiparticles 38.3 The Four Forces of Nature 38.4 Quarks 38.5 The Electromagnetic Force 38.6 The Weak Nuclear Force 38.7 The Electroweak Force 38.8 The Strong Nuclear Force 38.9 Grand Unified Theories (GUT) The Gravitational Force and Quantum Gravity The Superforce--Unification of All the Forces xvi