Contents. The Big Picture 1. 4 Force 100 PART 1: MECHANICS OF POINT PARTICLES. 1 Overview 7. 5 Kinetic Energy, Work, and Power 140

Transcription

1 Preface xiii Additional Resources for Instructors and Students xxv 360 Development xxvii The Big Picture 1 PART 1: MECHANICS OF POINT PARTICLES 1 Overview Why Study Physics? Working with Numbers SI Unit System The ScalesofOur World General Problem-Solving Strategy Vectors 23 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 28 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 30 Z Motion in a Straight Line Introduction to Kinematics Position Vector, Displacement Vector, and Distance Velocity Vector, Average Velocity, and Speed Acceleration Vector Computer Solutions and Difference Formulas Finding Displacement and Velocity from Acceleration Motion with Constant Acceleration Reducing Motion in More Than One Dimension to One Dimension 56 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 59 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 64 3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems Velocity and Acceleration in a Plane Ideal Projectile Motion Maximum Height and Range ofa Projectile Realistic Projectile Motion Relative Motion 84 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 87 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 92 4 Force Types of Forces Gravitational Force Vector, Weight, and Mass Net Force Newtons Laws Ropes and Pulleys Applying Newtons Laws Friction Force Applications of the Friction Force 123 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 126 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Kinetic Energy, Work, and Power Energy in Our Daily Lives Kinetic Energy Work Work Done by a Constant Force Work Done by a Variable Force Spring Force Power 157 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 159 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Potential Energy and Energy Conservation Potential Energy Conservative and Nonconservative Forces Work and Potential Energy Potential Energy and Force Conservation ofmechanical Energy Work and Energy for the Spring Force Nonconservative Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem Potential Energy and Stability 190 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 192 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 198 vm Bauer, Wolfgang University physics with modern physics 2011 digitalisiert durch: IDS Basel Bern

2 IX 7 Momentum and Collisions Linear Momentum Impulse Conservation of Linear Momentum Elastic Collisions in One Dimension Elastic Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions Totally Inelastic Collisions Partially Inelastic Collisions Billiards and Chaos 228 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 229 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 235 PART 2: EXTENDED 0BJECTS, MÄHER, AND CIRCULAR MOTION 8 Systems of Parti des and Extended Objects Center ofmass and Center ofgravity Center-of-Mass Momentum Rocket Motion Calculating the Center of Mass 259 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 266 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Circular Motion Polar Coordinates Angular Coordinates and Angular Displacement Angular Velocity, Angular Frequency, and Period Angular and Centripetal Acceleration Centripetal Force Circular and Linear Motion More Examples for Circular Motion 296 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 300 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Rotation Kinetic Energy of Rotation Calculation of Moment oflnertia Rolling without Slipping Torque Newtons Second Law for Rotation Work Done by a Torque Angular Momentum Precession Quantized Angular Momentum 343 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 343 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Static Equilibrium Equilibrium Conditions Examples Involving Static Equilibrium StabilityofStructures 366 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 370 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Gravitation Newtons Law of Gravity Gravitation near the Surface of the Earth Gravitation inside the Earth Gravitational Potential Energy Keplers Laws and Planetary Motion Satellite Orbits Dark Matter 405 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 407 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Solids and Fluids Atoms and the Composition of Matter States of Matter Tension, Compression, and Shear Pressure Archimedes' Principle Ideal Fluid Motion Viscosity Turbulence and Research Frontiers in Fluid Flow 444 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 445 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 449 PART 3: 0SCILLATI0NS AND WAVES 14 Oscillations Simple Harmonie Motion Pendulum Motion Work and Energy in Harmonie Oscillations Damped Harmonie Motion Forced Harmonie Motion and Resonance Phase Space Chaos 480 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 481 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Waves Wave Motion Coupled Oscillators Mathematical Description of Waves Derivation of the Wave Equation Waves in Two- and Three-Dimensional Spaces Energy, Power, and Intensity of Waves Superposition Principle and Interference Standing Waves and Resonance Research on Waves 513 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 515 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 519

3 16 Sound Longitudinal Pressure Waves Sound Intensity Sound Interference Doppler Effect Resonance and Music 542 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 545 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 550 PART 4: THERMAL PHYSICS 17 Temperature Definition of Temperature Temperature Ranges Measuring Temperature Thermal Expansion Surface Temperature of the Earth Temperature of the Universe 573 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 574 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics Definition of Heat Mechanical Equivalent ofheat Heat and Work First Law of Thermodynamics First Law for Special Processes Specific HeatsofSolidsand Fluids Latent Heat and Phase Transitions Modesof Thermal Energy Transfer 596 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 605 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Ideal Gases Empirical Gas Laws Ideal Gas Law Equipartition Theorem Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas Kinetic Theoryof Gases 634 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 640 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems The Second Law of Thermodynamics Reversible and Irreversible Processes Engines and Refrigerators Ideal Engines Real Engines and Efficiency The Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy Microscopic Interpretation of Entropy 669 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 672 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 677 PART 5: ELECTRICITY 21 Electrostatics Electromagnetism Electric Charge Insulators, Conductors, Semiconductors, and Superconductors Electrostatic Charging Electrostatic Force Coulombs Law Coulombs Law and Newtons Law of Gravitation 699 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 699 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Electric Fields and Gauss's Law Definition of an Electric Field Field Lines Electric Field due to Point Charges Electric Field due to a Dipole General Charge Distributions Force due to an Electric Field Electric Flux Gauss's Law Special Symmetries 729 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 735 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Electric Potential Electric Potential Energy Definition of Electric Potential Equipotential Surfaces and Lines Electric Potential of Various Charge Distributions Finding the Electric Field frorn the Electric Potential Electric Potential Energy of a System of Point Charges 761 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 763 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Capacitors Capacitance Circuits Parallel Plate Capacitor Cylindrical Capacitor Spherical Capacitor Capacitors in Circuits Energy Stored in Capacitors Capacitors with Dielectrics Microscopic Perspective on Dielectrics 791 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 793 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 797

4 XI 25 Current and Resistance Electric Current Current Density Resistivity and Resistance Electromotive Force and Ohms Law Resistors in Series Resistors in Parallel Energy and Power in Electric Circuits Diodes: One-Way Streets in Circuits 827 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 828 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Direct Current Circuits Kirchhoff's Rules Single-Loop Circuits Multiloop Circuits Ammeters and Voltmeters RC Circuits 849 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 855 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 857 PART 6: MAGNETISM 27 Magnetism Permanent Magnets Magnetic Force Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire Torque on a Current-Carrying Loop Magnetic Dipole Moment Hall Effect 881 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 883 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Magnetic Fields of Moving Charges Biot-Savart Law Magnetic Fields due to Current Distributions Amperes Law Magnetic Fields of Solenoids and Toroids Atoms as Magnets Magnetic Propertiesof Matter Magnetism and Superconductivity 913 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 914 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Electromagnetic Induction Faradays Experiments Faraday's Law of Induction LenzsLaw Generators and Motors Induced Electric Field Inductance of a Solenoid Self-Inductance and Mutual Induction RL Circuits Energy and Energy Density of a Magnetic Field Applications to Information Technology 947 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 948 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Electromagnetic Oscillations and Currents LC Circuits Analysis oflc Oscillations Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit Driven AC Circuits Series RLC Circuit Energy and Power in AC Circuits Transformers Rectifiers 981 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 982 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Electromagnetic Waves Induced Magnetic Fields Displacement Current Maxwell's Equations Wave Solutions to Maxwell's Equations The Speed of Light The Electromagnetic Spectrum Traveling Electromagnetic Waves Poynting Vector and Energy Transport Radiation Pressure Polarization Derivation of the Wave Equation 1014 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 1015 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 1019 PART 7: 0PTICS 32 Geometrie Optics Light Rays and Shadows Reflection and Plane Mirrors Curved Mirrors Refraction and Snell's Law 1041 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 1052 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Lenses and Optical Instruments Lenses Magnifier Systems of Two or More Optical Elements Human Eye Camera 1074

5 Xll Contents 33.6 Microscope Telescope Laser Tweezers 1083 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 1084 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems WaveOptics Light Waves Interference Double-Slit Interference Thin-Film Interference and Newtons Rings Interferometer Diffraction Single-Slit Diffraction Diffraction by a Circular Opening Double-Slit Diffraction Grätings X-Ray Diffraction and Crystal Structure 1121 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 1122 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 1126 PART 8: RELATIVITY AND QUANTUM PHYSICS 35 Relativity Search for the Aether Einsteins Postulates and Reference Frames Time Dilation and Length Contraction Relativistic Frequency Shirt Lorentz Transformation Relativistic Velocity Transformation Relativistic Momentum and Energy General Relativity Relativity in Our Daily Lives: GPS 1160 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 1161 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Quantum Physics The Natureof Matter, Space, and Time Blackbody Radiation Photoelectric Effect Compton Scattering Matter Waves Uncertainty Relation Spin Spin and Statistics 1193 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 1198 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Quantum Mechanics Infinite Potential Well Finite Potential Wells Harmonie Oscillator Wave Functions and Measurements Correspondence Principle Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation Many-Particle Wave Function Antimatter 1238 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 1242 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Atomic Physics Spectral Lines Bohr's Model of the Atom Hydrogen Electron Wave Function Other Atoms Lasers 1276 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 1280 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Elementary Particle Physics Reductionism Probing Substructure Elementary Particles Extensionsofthe Standard Model Composite Particles Big Bang Cosmology 1315 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 1319 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems Nuclear Physics Nuclear Properties Nuclear Decay Nuclear Models Nuclear Energy: Fission and Fusion Nuclear Astrophysics Nuclear Mediane 1359 What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide 1361 Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems 1364 Appendix A Mathematical Primer A-l Appendix B Isotope Masses, Binding Energies, and Half-Lives A-9 Appendix C Element Properties A-l9 Answers to Selected Questions and Problems AP-1 Credits C-l Index Wave Function Schrödinger Equation 1210